Dairy Nutrition

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Dairy Nutrition
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Long forage particles

• Contribute to fiber mat
• Cud chewing
• Stimulate rumenation

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Intermediate particles

• Contribute to formation of rumen mat

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Short forage particles
Sink to bottom of rumen Fermented rapidly
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Cud chewing

• Lactating dairy cows need to chew their cuds
• related to optimal rumen function and milk fat
  test
• saliva secreted when chewing buffers the rumen
• fiber fermented to acetate grains/starch to
  propionate
• high acetatepropionate ratio correlates to high
  fat test
• Challenge has been to develop laboratory or
  on-farm way to estimate cud chewing

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Inadequate effective fiber

• Chopping too fine
• Silo unloader
• Overmixing TMR
• Inadequate mixing
• Sorting by cows

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Evaluating effective fiber
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Chemical fiber
Measured directly in lab Crude fiber NDF
neutral detergent fiber ADF acid detergent
fiber Lignin
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Physical fiber

• Measured indirectly
• Cud chewing
• Rumen pH
• Milk fat test
• Fatprotein ratio

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Measuring particle size
U Wisc. oscillating screen .75 .48 .25 .16
.05 pan Penn State (Nasco) shaker box .75
.31 .07 pan square openings round openings
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PSU Shaker Box
Top - 3/4 diameter holes (1/2 base) Middle -
5/16 dia. holes (1/4 base) Lower - 1/8
square wire mesh Bottom - solid pan
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Penn State Particle Size Separator

• Primary function
• evaluate particle size distribution
• determine if sorting is occurring
• Was not developed nor does it estimate cud
  chewing or ruminal pH

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Goals for TMR

• Top gt 10
• Middle 40-50
• Pan lt 50
• or if 4 trays 20-40 in third tray
• lt 20 in pan

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Physically effective NDF - peNDF

• Determined by dry sieving for 10 min. or with Z
  box (wet)
• Everything below 1.18 mm sieve doesnt stimulate
  chewing.
• some try using the the top two screens on the
  Penn State Separator but this does not
  worksieving must be done dry or the results can
  be off by as much as a factor of 2.
• pef material above 1.18 mm sieve (dry) or
  3.35 mm sieve (wet)
• peNDF pef NDF quantity

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Monitoring TMRs
Sample the bunk to check uniformity First
quarter of mix Middle of mix Last quarter of
mix Sample the refusals to check sorting
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Monitoring TMRs
Sample At least weekly Whenever forages
change ( DM or source)
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Evaluating TMRs
- Representative sample? - Clumps of hay or
haylage? - Dry hay fed separately? - Corn
silage processed?
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Standard with TMRs

• Scales on mixer
• Moisture tester
• Particle size boxes

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Scales
Not all skid loader buckets hold 300 of corn
silage!
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Moisture determinations
Microwave oven Koster tester Vortex dryer
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Manure scoring
1 Splash Splatter 2 Loose 3 Average or
Normal 4 Firm 5 Thud or Crash
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Manure scoring
1 - very liquid - diarrhea, consistency of pea
soup associated with excess protein or starch,
too much mineral, or lack of fiber
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Manure scoring
2 - runny, does not form distinct
pile associated with cows on lush pasture, or
lack of fiber
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Manure scoring
3 - porridge-like appearance, will stack-up 1.5-2
in considered optimal
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Manure scoring
4 - thicker, stacks up over 2 in associated
with dry cows and heifers
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Manure scoring
5 - firm fecal balls associated with feeding
straw-based diet, dehydration, or intestinal
blockage
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Manure screening
take 1 cup of fresh manure use 8 screen wash
with pressurized water
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Manure screening
Look for undigested, whole corn kernels, whole
soybeans, and whole cottonseeds If found, then
inadequate processing or incomplete fermentation
in rumen
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Forage preference
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Lactating cows
F1 (F1 F2) Range CS vs Haylage 58.7 33.3 -
83.4 Hay vs Haylage 42.2 12.5 - 86.6 CS vs.
Hay 61.4 23.6 - 77.7
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Dry cows
F1 (F1 F2) Range CS vs Haylage 48.6 20.9
78.8 Hay vs Haylage 40.9 12.4 - 66.8 CS vs.
Hay 57.3 41.8 70.6
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Importance of forage quality
35-70 of diet DM Impacts DMI performance
feed costs (supplements)
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Nutrient composition of alfalfa
Stage of CP ADF NDF NE-l RFV maturity
------ of dry matter --------
Mcal/lb Prebloom 21.1 30.2 40.5 .67 150 Early
bloom 18.9 33.0 42.0 .64 140 Mid-bloom 16.3 38.0
52.5 .58 105 Full bloom 14.7 45.9 59.5 .48 83
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Alfalfa maturity / milk yield
Alfalfa Grain fed Maturity of
DM Prebloom 20 Early bloom 37 Mid-bloom 54 Ful
l bloom 71
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Milk production
Grain fed Alfalfa Maturity of
DM Pre Early Mid Full 20 78.8 37 54 71
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Milk production
Grain fed Alfalfa Maturity of
DM Pre Early Mid Full 20 78.8 37 83.2 54 8
7.1 71 88.0
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Milk production
Grain fed Alfalfa Maturity of
DM Pre Early Mid Full 20 78.8 68.0 57.2 52.1 3
7 83.2 69.1 62.5 55.4 54 87.1 77.2 66.2 64.7 7
1 88.0 77.2 64.7 69.1
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Importance of forage quality
35-70 of diet DM Impacts DMI performance
feed costs (supplements) Concentrates cannot
substitute for low quality forage