Chemical Bonding and Naming Compounds

1
Chemical Bonding and Naming Compounds

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• Mr. Chan
• Northwestern University

2
Miscellaneous

• Origins of Element Names
• Old Element Name Quiz
• Fun Brain Element Quiz
• Latin Names
• Oxyrich Water
• Oxyrich Website
• Refuting Claim

3
Zinc and Sulfur

• Before beginning, place a combustion spoon on a
  tripod so that the handle is over a Bunsen
  burner. Light the burner and adjust it so that
  the tip of the spoon's handle is in the hottest
  part of the flame.
• Mix 6 g of zinc and 1 g of sulfur to a
  homogeneous color. The mixing can be done on
  filter paper with a spatula. Pile the
  zinc-sulfur mixture in the middle of the base of
  the ring stand.
• When the tip of the combustion spoon handle is
  red hot, quickly remove it from the flame and
  place it in the center of the pile of powder.
  This must be done quickly, since the tip of the
  wire must be as hot as possible. The reaction is
  violent, so the hands and body should be kept
  away from the powder. Almost instantly, a
  brilliant flash of light, the emission of hot
  sparks, a hissing sound, and a mushroom shaped
  cloud of smoke are produced. Note this
  demonstration should be performed in a well
  ventilated room

4
Today (Day 58)

• (0-15) Discuss/Return Tests Error
  Analysis/Class File (15 min)
• (15-35) Periodic Table, Atoms, Ions, Compounds,
  Formulas
• (35-43) Prelab
• (0-43) Lab Practical
• DEMO Zinc and Sulfur

5
Organization of Periodic Table

• Increasing atomic number
• Periods
• Horizontal rows
• Groups
• Vertical columns of elements
• Periodic law
• Repetition of chemical and physical properties

6
Representative elements

• Metals (alkali, alkaline earth, transition)
• General properties high electrical
  conductivity, high luster when clean, ductile,
  malleable
• Nonmetals (halogens, noble gases)
• General properties nonlustrous and generally
  poor conductors of electricity
• Metalloids
• Properties of both metals and nonmetals

7
Atoms vs. Ions

• Recall Atoms protons electrons
• What happens when they are not equal?

8
Ions

• atoms or groups of atoms that have a positive or
  negative charge
• Cations
• Positively charged ions
• Loss of electrons
• Anions
• Negatively charged ions
• Gain of electrons

9
What are ionic compounds?

• Electrically neutral compound formed from cations
  and anions
• Usually metals and nonmetals
• Most are crystalline solids at room temperature

10
What is a molecule?

• Monatomic single atoms
• Noble gases (He, Xe)
• Diatomic Molecules
• smallest electrically neutral group of atoms that
  act as a unit of substance
• H2, N2, O2, F2, Cl2, Br2, I2
• Molecular (Covalent) Compounds
• Mostly 2 or more nonmetals
• Low MP, BP
• HCl, H2O

11
Today (Day 59)

• (0-5) Discuss HW/Warmup What is a chemical
  formula give an example
• (5-10) Demo
• (10-20) Laws of Definite and Multiple Proportions
• (20-30) Ionic Charges, Polyatomic Ions (handout)
• (30-40) Activity Ions and Charges quick find
• (40-43) HW Head Start

12
Distinguishing between two types of chemical
formulas

• Two Types of Compounds
• Chemical formula
• Shows kinds and numbers of atoms in the smallest
  representative unit of the substance
• Molecular formulas
• Molecular compounds smallest unit
• 7 diatomic molecules
• Elements that commonly exist as molecules
• Formula Units
• Ionic compounds
• No separate molecular unit, continuous array of
  ions
• Lowest whole number ratio of ions in compound

13
Experimental Data Led to Two Major Laws

• Example Drops of water vs. Bucket of Water
  similarities and differences
• Law of Definite Proportions
• Samples of any chemical compound, masses of
  elements are always in the same proportions
• Law of Multiple Proportions
• 2 elements forming more than 1 possible compound
• Keep in smallest whole numbers

14
Determining Charge of Ions

• Which elements form what charges?
• Metals tend to lose electrons (positive charges)
• Nonmetals tend to gain electrons (negative
  charges)
• Monatomic ions groups of Periodic table
• Roman numerals for transition metals multiple
  charges
• Examples of ions and charges from P-table
• What is the charge? (S, Pb, Zn, Ar, Br)
• Write symbols for ions, name ions from charges
• Oxide, lead(II), lithium, nitride, cupric,
  fluoride
• Ba2, I-, Ag, Hg2, P3-, Sn4
• Polyatomic ions
• Group of atoms with a charge
• Tightly bound groups that behave as a unit and
  carry a charge
• Most end in ite, -ate, some exceptions (cyanide,
  ammonium)
• Memorize table 6.4

15
Today (Day 60)

• (0-10) Discuss HW/Objectives
• (10-25) Common and Systematic Names
• Writing Formulas for Binary Ionic Compounds
• Naming Binary Ionic Compounds
• Ternary Ionic Compounds (if time)
• (25-35) Practice/Activity Whiteboards with
  neighbors
• (35-43) HW Head Start

16
Writing Formulas and Naming Ionic Compounds

• Binary Ionic Compounds
• 1) 2 elements
• 2) Write charges of ions
• 3) Balance charges
• Lowest ratio
• 3a) Criss-cross method, reduce
• Naming
• 1) Metal, nonmetal with ide
• 2) Roman Numerals
• Ternary Ionic Compounds
• Contains polyatomic ions
• Use charges, balance with parentheses
• Examples potassium nitride, sodium oxide,
  copper(II) sulfide, tin(IV) sulfide, potassium
  chloride, magnesium nitride
• Examples (names) Cs2O, CoI2, AlF3, FeS, CaO,
  Cu2Se
• Practice 25-29

17
Today (Day 61)

• Discuss Objectives
• Review Writing formulas and Naming compounds
• Writing Formulas for Ternary Ionic compounds
• QUIZ

18
Ternary Ionic Compounds

• What to do with Polyatomic Ions?
• Remember to treat PI as one unit Install
  Parentheses
• Criss-Cross method
• Examples potassium sulfate, magnesium
  hydroxide, calcium carbonate, tin(IV) dichromate
• Examples LiCN, Sr(H2PO4)2, (NH4)2C2O4,
  Fe(ClO3)3

19
Today (Day 62)

• Demo-
• Discuss Objectives
• Review Writing formulas and Naming Ternary Ionic
  compounds
• Writing Formulas and Naming Molecular Compounds
• Lab Peer Reviews/Stamp Syllabus

20
Writing Formulas and Naming Molecular Compounds

• What about formulas for molecular compounds
  ones that are not ionic?
• Rules
• No ionic charges
• Greek prefixes (table 5.5)
• Naming
• 1st element (no mono), 2nd element (-ide)
• Drop vowel when name of 2nd element begins with
  vowel
• Dihydrogen Monoxide
• Website
• Practice N2O, PCl3, AlCl3, SF6
• Practice carbon tetrabromide, dinitrogen
  tetrahydride, boron trichloride, diphosphorus
  trioxide
• Formula B-I-N-G-O
• Now, youre ready to play!

21
Today (Day 63)

• Discuss Objectives
• Review Writing formulas and Naming Molecular
  compounds
• Master Flowchart Writing formulas, Naming
  compounds Ionic and Molecular
• In-Class Handout Distinguishing between Ionic
  and Molecular Compounds
• Syllabus Check
• Formula Bingo

22
Today (Day 64)

• Warmup Identifying Ionic/Molecular Compounds
• N2O5
• MgCl2
• Copper(II)bromide
• 1 item that you do not understand
• Discuss Review Worksheet
• Question and Answer
• Review/Discuss Objectives

23
Today (Day 65)

• Weakest Link Review

24
Today (Day 66)

• Test

25
Lab 2 Precipitation Reactions

• Objectives
• Use spot plates to observe precipitates
• Predict Chemical Formulas of Possible Products
• Identify Correct Formula of Precipitates
• Develop Preliminary Rules for Precipitates
• Techniques
• Microscale experiments minimal use of chemicals
• Avoid Contamination!
• Writing Chemical Formulas as you go

26
Exit Slips

• Atomic Structure
• Draw an atomic model for a Beryllium-9 atom
• Naming Compounds
• Write the correct chemical formula/name for
• Barium Nitrate
• Diphosphorus Pentoxide
• CuCl2
• SeO2
• General Comments
• Anything confusing, Pace, Structure, Lighting,
  etc.