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Chapter 9 Aggression and Antisocial Behavior

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Title: Chapter 9 Aggression and Antisocial Behavior


1
Chapter 9 - Aggression and Antisocial Behavior
  • Defining Aggression and Antisocial Behavior
  • Is Aggression Innate or Learned?
  • Inner Causes of Aggression
  • Interpersonal Causes of Aggression
  • External Causes of Aggression
  • Self and Culture
  • Other Antisocial Behavior

2
Aggression and Antisocial Behavior
  • Saddam Hussein
  • He was aggressive was he antisocial?
  • How can we understand aggressive behavior of
    powerful individuals or small groups of cruel
    people?

3
Tradeoffs - Is Military Action an EffectiveWay
to Fight Terrorism
  • Many countries resort to military action to fight
    terrorism
  • Effective in short-term, but in long-term creates
    a new pool of terrorist recruits

4
Defining Aggression
  • Aggression
  • An intentional behavior
  • Intent is to harm
  • The victim wants to avoid harm
  • Violence
  • Aggression, with the goal of extreme physical harm

5
Types of Aggression
  • Hostile aggression
  • Hot, impulsive
  • Instrumental aggression
  • Cold, premeditated
  • Passive aggression
  • Active aggression

6
Defining Antisocial Behavior
  • Antisocial Behavior
  • Behavior that either damages interpersonal
    relationships or is culturally undesirable.
  • Aggression may be social or antisocial
  • Behaviors in addition to aggression may be
    antisocial

7
Aggression and Antisocial Behavior
  • Aggression is universal
  • Cultural rules restrain aggression
  • Aggression aids social animals
  • Culture offers nonviolent ways of resolving
    conflicts and problems

8
Aggression
  • Rules of conduct for war
  • Geneva Convention
  • Reciprocity
  • Rules governing self-defense
  • Acceptable only if defender uses comparable force

9
Is Aggression Innate or Learned?
10
Instinct Theories of Aggression
  • Freud proposed human motivational forces are
    based on instinct
  • Sex life giving instinct Eros
  • Aggression death instinct - Thanatos

11
Learning Theories of Aggression
  • Aggression is a learned behavior
  • Modeling
  • Bandura and colleagues (1961, 1963)
  • Children who watched the aggressive model had the
    highest level of aggression
  • If a model acts aggressively, inhibitions against
    aggression can be overcome

12
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13
Nature and Nurture
  • Cultural socialization and learning can increase
    or decrease innate aggressive impulses and
    aggressive behaviors
  • Both learning and instinct are relevant

14
Inner Causes of Aggression
  • Frustration-aggression hypothesis (1939)
  • The occurrence of aggressive behavior always
    presupposes the existence of frustration
  • Existence of frustration always leads to some
    form of aggression

15
Frustration
  • Influence on degree of frustration
  • Interference when closer to the goal - greater
    frustration
  • You can have aggression without frustration,
    frustration without aggression, but aggression is
    increased by frustration

16
Inner Causes of Aggression
  • Unpleasant moods increase aggression
  • Bad mood is not necessary for aggression
  • Anger does not directly or inevitably cause
    aggression
  • If one believes aggression will dissipate anger,
    will behave more aggressively
  • Excitation transfer may increase aggression

17
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18
Hostile Cognitive Biases
  • Hostile attribution bias
  • Perceive ambiguous actions by others as
    aggressive
  • Hostile perception bias
  • Perceive social interactions as being aggressive
  • Hostile expectation bias
  • Assume people will react to potential conflicts
    with aggression

19
Hostile Cognitive Biases
  • Aggressive people have inner biases that make
    them
  • Expect others to react aggressively
  • View ambiguous acts as aggressive
  • Assume others act purposefully when they hurt or
    offend them

20
Is Bad Stronger Than Good? The Magnitude Gap
  • Victim loses more than the perpetrator gains
  • Aggression is not a neutral exchange
  • It lowers the total value available
  • Murder, theft, sex crimes

21
Age and Aggression
  • 25 of toddler interactions in day-care settings
    involve physical aggression
  • Limited alternatives for solving conflict

22
Gender and Aggression
  • When under stress
  • Males fight or flight syndrome
  • Females tend and befriend syndrome
  • In all known societies men just over age of
    puberty commit most violent crimes and acts
  • Females exhibit more relational aggression

23
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24
Interpersonal Causes of Aggression
25
Selfishness and Influence
  • Aggression
  • Can be a means to resolve social disputes
  • Can be a form of social influence
  • Factors that encourage use of aggression
  • More you want the reward
  • Believe you will be successful
  • Unconcerned with morality or risk

26
Selfishness and Influence
  • Aggression
  • Can be a means to resolve social disputes
  • Can be a form of social influence
  • Factors that encourage use of aggression
  • More you want the reward
  • Believe you will be successful
  • Unconcerned with morality or risk

27
The Social Side of Sex - Sexual Aggression
  • People use aggression and force to get sex from
    others
  • Sexual coercion is often defined broadly
  • Consequences for victim is dependent on
    definition of rape
  • Profile of sexually coercive men differs from
    traditional stereotypes

28
Domestic and Relationship Violence
  • Domestic violence
  • Occurs within the home, between people who have a
    close relationship
  • Aggression is highest between siblings
  • Surgeon General declared domestic violence the
    number one health risk in US (1984)

29
Domestic and Relationship Violence
  • Domestic violence occurs all over the world
  • It is leading cause of injuries to women 15-44
  • Women attack relationship partners slightly more
    than men do, but without as much harm
  • Physically weaker family members are at greatest
    risk

30
Displaced Aggression
  • Displaced aggression
  • Kicking the dog effect
  • Triggered displaced aggression
  • Minor triggering event increases aggression in
    angered participants

31
External Causes of Aggression
  • Weapons effect
  • Mere presence of weapon increases aggressive
    behavior
  • Mass Media
  • Violent media exposure increases aggression
  • Huesmann, et al. (2003)

32
Teach Me a Lesson
PLAYVIDEO
33
External Causes of Aggression
  • Unpleasant Environments
  • Hot temperatures are associated with aggression
    and violence
  • Effects of global warming
  • Loud noises, foul odors, air pollution, and
    crowding can increase aggression

34
External Causes of Aggression
  • Chemical Influences
  • Testosterone
  • Linked to increased aggression
  • Serotonin
  • Low levels linked to aggression
  • Alcohol
  • Linked to increased aggression

35
Alcohol and Aggression
  • How alcohol influences aggression
  • Reduces inhibitions
  • Narrowing effect on attention
  • Decreases self-awareness
  • Disrupts executive function

36
Food for Thought - Is There a Link Between Diet
and Violence?
  • Nutrition is linked to aggression and violence
  • Junk food can increase violence
  • Vitamin supplements reduces antisocial behavior

37
Self and Culture
38
Norms and Values
  • Running amok and aggression
  • Influence of culture
  • Cultures can promote violence
  • People may believe aggression is uncontrollable,
    but they may be mistaken

39
Self-Control
  • Poor self-control
  • Is an important cause of crime
  • Is a predictor of violent crimes

40
Wounded Pride
  • Violent individuals
  • Think they are better than other people
  • Have grandiose or inflated opinions of their
    worth

41
Wounded Pride
  • Violent individuals typically have the trait of
    narcissism
  • Thinking oneself special
  • Feeling entitled to preferential treatment
  • Willing to exploit others
  • Low empathy
  • Grandiose fantasies

42
Wounded Pride
  • Narcissistic Personality Inventory
  • High scores blow to ego aggression
  • Most aggression is the result of some type of
    provocation
  • Other factors increase or decrease effect of
    wounded pride

43
Culture of Honor
  • Southern US has culture of honor
  • Violent response to threats to ones honor
  • Higher levels of violence
  • Humiliation
  • Primary cause of violence and aggression in
    cultures of honor
  • May be an important cause of terrorism

44
Other Antisocial Behavior
  • Cheating
  • Self-control is important predictor of cheating
  • Stealing
  • People in deindividuated state more likely to
    steal
  • Diener et al. (1976)

45
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46
Other Antisocial Behavior
  • Littering
  • When it seems everybody else is littering, people
    are more likely to litter too
  • Males litter more than females
  • Young people litter more than older people

47
Norms
  • Injunctive norms
  • Specify what most approve or disapprove of
  • Can be effective in reducing litter
  • Descriptive norms
  • Specify what most people do
  • Have not been effective in reducing litter

48
What Makes Us Human?
  • In some ways humans are more aggressive than
    other animals
  • Only humans kill for ideas
  • Human cultures unique in attempts to restrain
    aggression
  • Culture creates new opportunities for antisocial
    behavior
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