Reasoning

1
Reasoning
2
Three Minute Review

• SLEEP
• Circadian rhythms
• daylight entrains rhythms in sleep and
  temperature
• free-running body rhythms are typically a bit
  longer than 24 hours (usually 25 hours)
• staying up later is easier than going to be
  earlier
• jet lag eastbound vs. westbound
• daylight savings time
• blue Mondays
• shift work and accidents
• superchiasmatic nucleus and pineal gland get
  input about light levels from retina
• melatonin for jet lag?
• Do you really need sleep?
• can live without it but why would you want to?
• microsleeps

3

• EEG waves
• stadium analogy irregular vs. synchronous
  patterns
• Awake
• irregular EEG waves
• Non-REM Sleep
• progress down then up through stages
• sleep thoughts
• Stage 1
• irregular EEG waves
• Stage 2
• sleep spindles and K-complexes in EEG
• Stages 34 slow wave sleep
• deep sleep
• low frequency waves in EEG indicate synchronous
  neural firing
• REM (Rapid Eye Movement) Sleep
• irregular EEG waves
• movements inhibited
• dreams
• cycles every 90 minutes

4

• Why sleep?
• Restoration theory
• Preservation theory
• predators sleep, prey dont
• why be awake if you cant hunt?
• What causes the drive to sleep/wake?
• Is there a sleep chemical?
• Reticular Activating System -- waking
• Pons -- dreaming
• What do dreams mean?
• Sigmund Freud Psychoanalytic Dream Analysis
• manifest vs. latent content
• Allan Hobsons Activation Synthesis Hypothesis
• pons ? random activation in brain ? brain
  synthesizes a story to try to make sense of it
• Why dream?
• role in learning, memory and development?

5
Test Yourself

• Slow wave sleep
• consists predominantly of alpha waves
• is the stage in which dreaming occurs
• is the stage in which sleepwalking is most likely
  to occur
• occurs because neurons in the brain are firing
  asynchronously
• occurs predominantly in the latter half of the
  sleep period

6
Logical Reasoning

• Deductive reasoning
• Inductive reasoning
• How good is our reasoning? What types of errors
  are people prone to?

7
Deductive Reasoning

• Reasoning from the general to the specific
• Syllogisms
• Present two general premises that must be
  combined to see if a particular conclusion is
  true
• For example
• All men are mortal
• Socrates is a man
• Is Socrates mortal?
• Series problems
• review series of statements
• arrive at a conclusion not contained in any
  single statement
• For example
• Robin is funnier than Billy
• Billy is funnier than Sinbad
• Whoopi is funnier than Robin
• Q Is Whoopi funnier than Sinbad?

8
Inductive reasoning

• Reasoning from the specific to the general
• Sherlock Holmes is perhaps a better example of
  INDUCTIVE reasoning than deductive reasoning
• He takes specific clues and comes up with a
  general theory

9
Inductive reasoning problems

• 18 16 14

• 7 8 16 17

• 4 8 5 10

• 720 120 24

• 2 3 10 12

10
A little experiment

• You are given the cards below and asked to test
  the following hypothesis
• All cards with a vowel on one side have an even
  number on their opposite side
• What would be the first card you would check?
  Which would be the second card you would check?

11
Estimating Probabilities

• Are you more likely to die from
• all accidents or strokes?
• electrocution or asthma?
• motor vehicle accidents or cancer of the
  digestive system?
• lightning or appendicitis?
• homicide or diabetes?

12
Estimating Probabilities

• Carol is 31 years old, single, outspoken and very
  bright. As a student, she was deeply concerned
  with issues of discrimination and social justice,
  and also participated in antinuclear
  demonstrations.
• What is the probability that Carol is a feminist
  bank teller?
• What is the probability that Carol is a bank
  teller?

13
Estimating Probabilities

• Your friend buys three Lotto 6/49 tickets and
  offers you one. Which set of numbers would you
  choose
• 7, 18, 23, 36, 41, 49
• 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
• 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35

14
How Can You

• You are alone in a room with two strings hanging
  from the ceiling. The strings are two far apart
  for you to grasp them both simultaneously. Your
  job is to tie the two strings together. Your
  only tool is a pair of pliers. How can you
  accomplish the job?

15
Insight
Archimedes 287-212 B.C.
Wolfgang Kohler 1887-1967
Aha!
Not just humans chimps, crows too!
16
Intelligence
Lawn Chair Larry
17
Why Would We Want to Measure Intelligence?

• Education
• Defining extremes
• Job testing (e.g., military recruits)
• University admissions (mean 500, SD 100)
• SAT (Scholastic Assessment Test)
• MCAT (Medical College Admission Test)
• LSAT (Law School Admission Test)
• GMAT (Graduate Management Admission Test)
• GRE (Graduate Record Exam, for graduate school)

18
How Can We Measure Intelligence?

• Average IQs
• high school graduate 105
• University (Bachelors) graduate 115
• Advanced professional degree graduate 125

19
WAIS-style Verbal Subtest Questions

• Vocabulary
• What does emulate mean?
• Similarities
• In what ways are airplanes and submarines alike?
• Information
• Who wrote The Great Gatsby?
• Comprehension
• What does it mean when people say Birds of a
  feather flock together?
• Digit Span
• Repeat the following numbers 3 2 7 5 9
• Arithmetic
• If you paid 8.50 for a movie ticket and 2.75
  for a bucket of popcorn, how much change would
  you have left from a 20 bill?

20
WAIS-style Performance Subtest Questions

• Block Design
• Picture Completion
• Picture Arrangement
• Object Assembly
• Matrix Reasoning
• Digit Symbol
• Symbol Search

21
Block Design

• Assemble the blocks on the left to make the
  design on the right

22
Picture Completion

• What is missing from the picture?

23
Picture Arrangement

• Arrange these pictures in an order that tells a
  story, and then tell what is happening in the
  story

24
Object Assembly

• Put these pieces together to make an object

25
Digit Symbol

• Look carefully at the key on the left. In the
  blanks on the right, write the correct numeral
  for the symbol below each symbol

26
Ravens Progressive Matrices