Information Processing Models of Memory

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Information Processing Models of Memory

• Emily Vermilya
• February 26, 2008

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Background

• Memory-the capacity to retain information over
  time important to any information processing
  system because it underlies the ability to learn
• Sensory Memory- a repository for incoming sensory
  information its purpose is to maintain the
  representation of a stimulus long enough so that
  it can be recognized
• Iconic
• Echoic
• Short Term Memory- working memory
• Long Term Memory
• Procedural
• Declarative

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The Modal Model or Dual-Store Model

• Atkinson and Shiffrin (1971)
• Memory is made up of a series of stores.

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Terms to Remember for Modal Model

• Encoding process by which information is taken
  into LTM and converted into a usable form
• Consolidation- process by which info is
  transferred from STM to LTM this process
  strengthens info so that it lasts longer
• Retrieval- the act of accessing needed data and
  making it available for use

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Modal Model Continued

• Evidence
• Serial Position Effect
• Primacy Effect
• Recency Effect
• Millers Magic 7
• Chunking
• Evaluation

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Levels of Processing Model

• Craik and Lockhart (1972)
• Challenged the idea of a dual-store model.
• Levels of Processingproposed that shallow
  processing of info results in a weak memory
  trace, compared to deep processing which results
  in a stronger, more durable memory trace

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Terms to Remember

• Shallow Processing-encoding information in terms
  of physical or sensory characteristics.
• -maintenance rehearsal- repetition to hold
  something in short term memory leads to fairly
  short-term retention of info
• -2 types
• a. Structural Processing (Appearance)-
  encode only the physical qualities of
  something
• b. Phonemic Processing- encode sound
• Deep Processing- encoding information in terms of
  meaning.
• -elaborative rehearsal a deeper, more
  meaningful analysis
• -Semantic Processing- encode the meaning of a
  word and relate it to similar words with
  similar meanings

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Levels of Processing Cont

• Craik and Tulving (1975) Study
• Evaluation

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John Andersons ACT Model

• ACT Adaptive Control of Thought
• 3 Components
• Working memory
• Declarative memory
• Production memory
• Way 1
• Encoding--gt match--gtexecution--gtperformance
• Loop activated when doing any learned skill
• Way 2
• Encoding--gtstorage--gtretrieval--gtperformance
• Loop activated when using declarative knowledge

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ACT Continued

• Evaluation

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Working Memory Model

• Baddeley (1986, 1992)
• 3 Units
• Executive Control System
• Articulatory Loop
• Visuo-spatial sketchpad

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Terms to remember

• Executive Control System initiate and control
  ongoing processes
• -reasoning, language, info transfer to LTM via
  rehearsal and chunking, retrieval from LTM
• Articulatory Loop- place where speech and
  sound-related info are rehearsed
• i.e., used to remember telephone you cant
  write down
• Visuo-Spatial Sketchpad- processing of visual
  info
• mental rotation, visual search

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Working Memory Model Cont.

• Evaluations

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References

• Friedenberg, J. and Silverman, G. (2006).
  Cognitive science An introduction to the study
  of the mind. Thousand Oaks Sage Publications.
• http//simplypsychology.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/multi
  -store.html
• http//simplypsychology.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/level
  sofprocessing.html