Immunology cont'

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Immunology (cont.)

• Adaptive Immunity

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Adaptive Immunity

• There are two major components of adaptive
  immunity
• Humoral immunity immunity found in the humour
  (think serum). The effectors are B lymphocytes
  and plasma cells.
• Cellular immunity immunity derived from the
  action of cell. The effectors are cytotoxic and
  helper T cells.

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Lymphoid System

• The
• Lymphatic vessels
• Secondary lymphoid organs
• Primary lymphoid organs

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Antibody

• Antigen binding (Fab) site
• Fc region
• Heavy chains and light chains
• Variable region (Fab)
• Constant region (Fc)

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• Neutralization
• Immobilization and prevention of adherence
• Agglutination and precipitation
• Opsonization
• Complement activation
• Antibody dependent cytotoxicity

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• IgM (pentamer)
• IgG (monomer)
• IgA (dimer in secretions)
• IgD (monomer)
• IgE (monomer)

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Clonal Selection

• Specific response of a lymphocyte to an antigen
• Lymphocytes
• Immature
• Naïve
• Activated
• Effector
• Memory

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B lymphocytes

• Response to T dependent antigens
• Response to T independent antigens

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T-dependent antigens

• B cells present antigen to effector T cells
• B cell clonal expansion class switching and
  memory
• Primary and secondary response

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T-independent antigens

• Polysaccharides trigger B cell response
• No T helper cells are involved

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T cells

• T cell receptor
• T cytotoxic (CD8) cells
• T helper (CD4) cells
• Activation of T cells

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T cell receptor

• Alpha and beta polypeptide chains
• Antigen - major histocompatibility (MHC) binding
  site

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Cytotoxic t cells

• Induce apoptosis
• Produce cytokines
• Recognize MHC class I molecules and endogenous
  antigen

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Helper T cells

• Recognize MHC class II and exogenous antigen
• Ex. Th1 cells
• Ex. Th2 cells

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Activation of T cells

• Dendritic cells
• Activated macrophages

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NK cells

• Antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC)
• Kill cells that do not have the MHC class
  molecules

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Antibody generation

• Generation of diversity
• Negative selection of self reactive B cells

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Negative selection

• Eliminate B cells that recognize self molecules
• B cells do not respond (no specific T cell
  interaction)
• Eliminate T cells that do not recognize MHC and
  antigen from antigen-presenting cell ( ex.
  Macrophage)

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