Blood

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• Blood
• Chemistry
• Dr. Jay Shahed

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• COMMON
• ORDERED
• BLOOD PROFILES

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Liver function profile

• Total bilirubin
• total protein
• albumin
• globulin
• A/G ratio
• alkaline phosphatase AST (SGOT)
• ALT (SGPT)
• pathology Liver Diseases

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Thyroid function profile

• T4 RIA
• T3 uptake
• TSH
• T3, T4, T7
• TRH
• pathologic
• Thyroid gland disorders

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Prenatal profile

• Complete blood count ( CBC )
• ABO blood type
• Rh factor
• Serology (VDRL or RPR)
• Rubella titer
• Rh antibody titer
• Antibody screen if Rh-
• Screening of prenatal patients

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Electrolyte profile

• Sodium (Na)
• Potassium (K)
• Chloride (Cl)
• Abnormalities
• Dehydration
• Vomiting
• Diarrhea
• Hemorrhage

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Rheumatoid profile

• Antistreptolysin O (ASO) titer
• Rheumatoid factor (RF) test
• C-reactine protein (CRP)
• Uric acid
• Abnormalities
• ARTHRITIS
• Rheumatoid arthritis
• Gout

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Lipid profile

• Total cholesterol
• Triglycerides
• HDL cholesterol
• LDL cholesterol
• Total cholesterol/ HDL ratio
• Abnormalities
• Coronary Heart Disease

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Hepatitis profile

• HBsAg
• HBcAb-IgM
• HAvAB-IgM
• Abnormalities
• Viral Hepatitis

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Cardiac Enzymes Profile

• Lactate Dehydrogenase
• (LDH, LD)
• Creatinine Phosphokinase
• (CPK)
• Abnormalities
• Myocardial infarction

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Coronary Heart Profile

• Cholesterol
• HDL
• LDL
• TG
• Abnormalities
• Coronary Heart Disease
• Atherosclerosis

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Renal function profile

• Electrolytes
• BUN
• Creatinine
• Abnormalities
• kidney malfunction disorders
• Glomerulonephritis
• Pyelonephritis

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Anemia profile

• RBC
• Hemoglobin (HB)
• Iron level ( Fe )
• Ferritin
• B12
• folic acid
• Abnormalities
• All types of anemia

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• Common blood chemistry
• tests

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Cholesterol (serum)

• Total Cholesterol ( CH, Chol )
• below 200 mg
• LDL cholesterol
• Below 130 mg/dl
• HDL cholesterol
• 35mg/dl or above
• Abnormalities
• Atherosclerosis
• coronary heart disease

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Triglycerides (serum)

• Trig
• Normal 40 160 mg/ dl
• Disorders
• Atherosclerosis

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Glucose

• Fasting Blood Sugar ( FBS )
• Normal 70-110 mg/dl
• Two- Hour Postprandial blood sugar
• ( 2-PPBS )
• Normal 2-hr PPBS

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• Glucose Tolerance Test ( GTT )
• Normal Abnormal
• FBS 70-110 120
• 30min 150-160 200
• 1 hr 160-170 200
• 2 hr 140
• 3 hr 70-110 140

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Disorders

• Glucose Metabolism Disorders
• Hyperglycemia
• Diabetes Mellitus
• Hepatic Disease
• Cushing's syndrome

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Blood Urea Nitrogen

• BUN
• Normal 7 - 18 mg/dl
• Disorders
• kidney disease
• Urinary obstruction

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Creatinine

• Creat
• Normal 0.6 - 1.2 mg/dl
• Disorders
• Renal obstruction
• Muscle disease

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Uric acid

• UA
• Normal
• 2.6 - 7.2 mg/dl
• Disorders
• Gout

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• Common blood chemistry electrolytes.

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Sodium

• Na
• Normal 135 - 148 mEq/ L
• Disorders
• Water and salt imbalance
• Dehydration, vomiting
• Hyper / Hyponatremia
• Primary aldosteronism
• Severe burn
• Addison's disease

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Potassium

• K
• Normal 3.5 - 5.0 mEq / L
• Disorders
• Acid-base and water imbalance
• Hyper / Hypokalemia
• Renal failure, diuretic administration
• Diarrhea , Severe Vomiting
• Malabsorption
• severe burns

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Calcium

• Ca
• Normal 8.8 - 10.0mg/ dl
• Disorders
• parathyroid functioning and calcium metabolism
  disorders
• Hyper / Hyperparathyroidism
• Bone metastases
• Multiple Myeloma
• Hodgkin's disease
• Addison's disease

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Chloride

• Cl
• Normal 98 - 106 mEq / L
• Disorders
• Acid-base and water imbalance
• Dehydration
• Severe Vomiting
• Severe Diarrhea

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Phosphorus

• P
• Normal 2.7 - 4.5 mg / dl
• Disorders
• Bone diseases
• kidney dysfunction
• Hyperphosphatemia
• Renal insufficiency

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Magnesium

• Mg
• Normal 1.3 2.1 / mEq / L
• Disorders
• Muscle Relaxation
• Decrease Uterus contraction.

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Bicarbonate

• HCO3
• Normal 24 mg / dl
• Disorders
• Acid - Base imbalance

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.

• Common blood enzymes
• and
• hormones

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Alanine Amino Transferase

• ALT (SGPT)
• Normal 7 - 24 U / L
• Disorders
• Liver Disease
• Hepatocellular disease
• Active cirrhosis
• Obstructive jaundice
• Pancreatitis

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Alkaline Phosphatase

• ALP
• Normal 20 - 70 U /L
• Disorders
• liver diseases
• Bone diseases
• Hyperparathyroidism
• Infectious Mononucleosis
• Myocardial Infarction

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Aspartate Amino Trasferase

• AST (SGOT)
• Normal 0 - 41 U/L
• Disorders
• Tissue damage

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Lactate Dehydrogenase

• LD(LDH)
• Normal 95 - 200 U /L
• Disorders
• Myocardial or Pulmonary Muscular abnormalities.
• Acute Myocardial Infarction Muscular Dystrophy
• Pernicious Anemia
• Acute Leukemia

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Total Thyroxin

• T4
• Normal 5 - 12.5 ug /dl
• Disorders
• Hyperthyroidism
• Grave's disease
• Hypothyroidism
• Cretinism
• Goiter

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Globulin

• Glob
• Normal 2.3 - 3.5 g / dl
• Disorders
• Protein synthesis abnormalities
• Abnormal antibodies
• Autoimmune disorders
• Rheumatoid Arthritis

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Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments ( CLIA
)

• Federal regulations to improve the quality of
  laboratory testing in the United States.
• Quality Control
• To assure the accuracy and reliability of test
  results
• Daily Calibration.
• Quality Assurance
• Procedures to monitor the overall quality
• Written policies and regulations

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Categories of Laboratory Testing

• Low- Complexity ( Wave Tests )
• One step tests
• Able to perform at Home
• Example
• Urine Dipstick
• Fecal Occult
• Pregnancy test
• Microhematocrit
• Blood glucose
• ESR

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• Moderate- Complexity
• Tests that needs to be perform at a lab
• More than one step
• Example
• Throat Cultures
• CBC
• Rapid Strep Tests
• Cholesterol
• Microscopic analysis
• Urine Cultures

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• High- Complexity
• Tests that require specialists
• Pathologists, Microbiologists
• Tests that require Certified personal
• Example
• Cytogenetics
• Histopathology
• Histocompatibility
• Pap smear