Some Facts about CardioVascular Diseases CVDs

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Some Facts about CardioVascular Diseases (CVDs)

• In USA
• Heart disease affects 61,800,000 per year
• High BP 50,000,000 per year
• Coronary heart disease 12,600,000 per year
• Angina pectoris 6,400,000 per year
• Myocardial Infarction 7,500,000 per year
• Strokes 4,600,000 per year
• Congenital heart disease 1,000,000 per year
• Congestive heart failure 4,790,000 per year
• Rheumatoid heart disease 4,000 per year

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Some Facts about CardioVascular Diseases (CVDs)

• Meaning
• 1 per 2.5 deaths in USA due to Cardiovascular
  disease
• 2,600 deaths per day average of 1 death every 33
  seconds
• In 2002, 167,661 people died of stroke
• One person experiences stroke every 53 sec
• On average, one death due to stroke every 3.1
  minutes

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Cardiovascular Disorders

• Angina pectoris A warning
• Myocardial infarction/heart attack permanent
  cardiac damage
• Congestive heart failure decrease in pumping
  efficiency
• Embolism blockage of blood vessels
• Stroke impaired blood flow to the brain

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Angina Pectoris

• A warning signal of coronary heart disease
• Squeezing chest pain and recurring discomfort
• Some part of heart not receiving enough blood due
  to blockage
• Occurs when heart requires more oxygen
• Implies increased risk of cardiac arrest or heart
  attack

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Diagnosis of chest pain
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Myocardium

• Cells that are specialized for contraction
• A type of striated muscle
• Each cell contains contractile elements
• Also known as muscle fibers
• Energy is required for contraction

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Myocardial Infarction (Heart Attack)

• Death of some of the muscle cells of the heart
  due to lack of supply of oxygen and other
  nutrients
• Closure of the artery (occlusion) that supplies
  that particular part of the heart muscle with
  blood
• 98 of the time from the process of
  arteriosclerosis ("hardening of the arteries") in
  coronary vessels
• Minor blockage can also cause heart attack
• Cholesterol plaque rupture causes blood clot
  within artery, causing blockage

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Atherosclerosis

• Clogging of arteries
• Ends in Cardiac Arrest
• Most common in obese people who consume fatty
  substances
• Atherosclerosis is up to six times more common in
  diabetics than in non-diabetics

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Occlusion of a coronary artery
Lumen half-closed
Normal lumen fully opened to enable easy blood
flow
Lumen almost closed disrupting blood flow
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Formation of atherosclerotic plaque
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A normal heart
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Blocked coronary arteries
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What is Ischemia?

• Lack of blood flow and oxygen to heart muscle
• Occurs when arteries become clogged due to plaque
• Can lead to heart attack
• Transient Ischemic Attacks (TIAs)
• Are temporary interruptions of the blood supply
  to an area of the brain
• "mini-strokes

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Coronary Heart disease (CHD)

• 7 million Americans suffer CHD, 1 killer
  (500,000 deaths per year)
• Caused by narrowing of the coronary arteries
• leads to heart attack

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Congestive Heart Failure

• Occurs when either of 4 heart chambers lose their
  ability to keep up with the amount of blood flow
• Systolic failure (ventricles fail to contract)
• Diastolic failure (ventricles fail to relax)
• Blood coming into the left chamber from the lungs
  may "back up," causing fluid to leak into the
  lungs (pulmonary edema)
• heart's ability to pump decreases, blood flow
  slows down, causing fluid to build up in tissues
  throughout the body (edema)
• Excessive fluid congests lungs and leads to heart
  failure

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Stroke (Cerebral Infarction)
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Stroke

• Stationary clot thrombus
• If it dislodges and moves along with the blood it
  is then a embolus
• Stroke small cranial arteriole burst
  (hemorrhagic stroke) or is blocked by an embolus.
  A lack of oxygen causes a portion of the brain to
  die. Paralysis or death can result
• 1 out of 15 deaths in America is due to stroke

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Mitral valve prolapse

• Affecting 5 of the population, often seen in
  young women (genetic basis)
• One or more of the flaps become incompetent and
  billow into the left atrium, allowing blood
  regurgitation (leaky valve)
• Valve replacement surgery will correct this

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Myocarditis

• Inflammation of the cardiac muscle layer
• usually aftermath of viral infection (adenovirus,
  echovirus), bacterial or parasitic infections
• May weaken the heart and impair its ability to
  act as an effective pump
• leads to heart failure

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Endocarditis

• Infection of a heart valve
• Result of Streptococcus bacterial infection
• bacteria in the bloodstream begin to grow and
  multiply on the heart valve causing it to
  malfunction

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Anemia

• Decrease in oxygen carrying capacity of blood
• nutrition-iron deficiency lack of B12
• blood loss, bone marrow problems, sickle cell

Hypertension

• 20 of all Americans
• Systolic 140 , Diastolic 90

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SHOCK

• Low cardiac output state resulting from low mean
  cardiovascular pressure
• Low mean cardiovascular pressure can result from
  altering of one or the other of the two
  determinants of that pressure
• Increasing vascular compliance
• Loss of blood volume

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Carbon monoxide poisoning

• Carbon monoxide
• colorless and odorless
• product of burning fuel, wood, coal, etc
• CO binds to hemoglobin instead of oxygen
• higher affinity for iron

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Every year, over 200 people in the United States
die from CO

• 200,000 people per year suffer carbon monoxide
  induced heart attack
• CO from motor-vehicle exhausts is the single most
  common cause of poisoning deaths

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Pulmonary Embolism

• Affects nearly 600,000 Americans every year,
  claims 60,000 lives
• Blood clot or other material becomes lodged in a
  lung artery, blocking blood flow to lung tissue.

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Aneurysm

• Bulge in the wall of artery due to
• dilation
• weakening of the wall
• accumulation of fatty deposits
• might lead to bursting of blood vessels
• claims 15,000 lives a year

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Fixing a broken heart
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Angioplasty

• An incision is made
• Insert a guide wire into the brachial or femoral
  artery
• Thread the wire into the affected coronary artery

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Balloon angioplasty
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Coronary heart bypass
To heart-lung machine
Bypass
Blockage
Left descending artery