Number of deaths for leading causes of death

1
Number of deaths for leading causes of death

• Heart disease 654,092
• Cancer 550,270
• Stroke (cerebrovascular diseases) 150,147
• Chronic lower respiratory diseases 123,884
• Accidents (unintentional injuries) 108,694
• Diabetes 72,815
• Alzheimer's disease 65,829
• Influenza/Pneumonia 61,472
• Nephritis, nephrotic syndrome, and nephrosis
  42,762
• Septicemia 33,464
• Centers for Disease Control

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Causes of Death by Age Group

• 45 years old Heart failure and Malignant
  neoplasms cause over half of all deaths.
• 1-45 years old Accidents and adverse effects
  resulting from the accidents is the leading cause
  of death.
• Of all the causes of death due to accidents, the
  leading cause is motor vehicle accidents.   Motor
  vehicle accidents remain a high risk for all age
  groups.
• Centers for Disease Control

3
Life Expectancy

• As a whole, 77.9 years for Americans
• By Gender Males 75yrs., Females 80yrs
• This changes when break down into Ethnicity

4
Ethnic Health Disparities LATINOS

• Lower rates of heart dz, cancer and suicide than
  general population
• Higher Rates of infant mortality, gallbladder dz,
  and obesity.
• 1 in every 2 Latinas will develop diabetes

5
African Americans

• Same leading causes of death as general
  population
• Higher infant mortality rate
• Lower rates of suicide and osteoporosis
• Higher rates of high blood pressure, stroke,
  diabetes, asthma and obesity.
• Men are at a significantly higher risk for
  Prostate Cancer. Need for early screen.

6
ASIAN AMERICANS

• Lower Death Rate and Longer Life Expectancy
• Lower rates of heart disease
• Higher rates of smoking, lung cancer
• Vietnamese women higher cervical cancer rates

7
American Indians and Alaskan Natives

• Lower death rates from heart disease, stroke and
  cancer
• Higher rates of early death from causes linked to
  smoking and alcohol use including injuries and
  cirrhosis
• Pimas of Arizona have highest known prevalence of
  diabetes of any population in the world.

8
Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islanders

• Have higher overall death rate than the general
  population
• Have higher rates of some diseases-diabetes and
  asthma
• High rates of smoking and high prevalence of
  overweight and obesity are special concerns

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Why the disparity?

• Income Education
• Groups with highest poverty rates and least
  education worst health status
• Higher infant mortality, traumatic injury and
  violent death
• More likely to eat poorly, be overweight, smoke,
  drink and use drugs.
• Less access to healthcare
• Environmental Stressors

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Optimal Wellness

• How can YOU reach a level of Optimal Wellness?
• Examine your current health habits
• What behaviors might you need to change?
• How MOTIVATED are you to change?

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Six Dimensions of Wellness

• Physical (ex exercising, eating well, practicing
  preventive healthcare)
• Emotional (self-esteem, optimism, satisfying
  relationships)
• Intellectual (curious, active mind)
• Spiritual (meaning purpose in your life)
• Social (caring friend, support network)
• Environmental (food safety, air pollution)

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Creating Healthy Habits

• How long does it take to create and habit?
• It takes approximately 30 days!
• Considering a change? Try a new behavior for 30
  days then go back to your old behavior if
  unsatisfied.

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Activity Evaluating Your Lifestyle

• Pg. 17 in your textbook.
• Number your paper as in the self-test
• Answer the questions then add your scores.
• Turn in for participation grade

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Locus of Control

• Self-Efficacy

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Locus of Control

• An individuals generalized expectancies of the
  forces that determine rewards and punishments.
• Internal vs. External Locus of control

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LOCUS of CONTROL

• Who is controlling your life?
• Do you believe you are in control?
• Or are your friends/parents/school/fate in
  control?
• If you answered that YOU are in control, then you
  have an INTERNAL Locus of Control.
• If you answered someone else, then you have an
  EXTERNAL Locus of Control.

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Locus of Control Online Questionnaire

• If you would like to assess your locus of
  control go to
• http//itech.fgcu.edu/cgi-bin/lchallenges/survey/l
  ocus.html
• This is worth 2 points of extra credit. Must be
  turned in by next week.

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Self-Efficacy

• Refers to your belief in your own ability to
  change, to take action and perform a specific
  task.
• Dependent on your self-esteem and your past
  experience with the target behavior.
• STRATEGIES FOR BOOSTING
• Develop an INTERNAL Locus of Control

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Can I be both Internal and External?

• Most of us are not purely internalizers or
  externalizers locus of control can change,
  depending on the situation.
• Example Lifestyle Management-internal LOC is an
  advantage because it reinforces motivation and
  commitment. External LOC can sabbotage efforts to
  change behavior

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External Locus of Control-Example

• Belief I am destined to die of heart disease
  because my grandparents and father died of heart
  disease.
• You may view diet, exercise and check-ups a waste
  of time because no matter what you do, you are
  destined to die of heart dz so why bother.
• In contrast, Internal LOC- I can take action to
  reduce my risk of dying of heart dz

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Visualization and Self-Talk

• Visualize yourself successfully engaging in your
  new, healthier behavior.
• Create a new self-image.
• What is your life like now that you are a
  non-smoker/exerciser/healthy eater?
• Positive self-talk Example Im committed to
  this! I do not need that donut!

22
Role Models

• Social Support can make or break your new healthy
  behavior
• Find a mentor or support system
• Find a friend who is interested in making the
  same changes and work on it together
• You may have to find new sources of support/new
  friends/new roommates to help you reach your
  goals.

23
Readiness for Change

• Behavior Change Model Where are you?
• Pre-contemplation
• Contemplation
• Preparation
• Action
• Maintenance
• Termination

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Precontemplation

• Persons in this stage have no intention of
  changing their behavior.
• May be unaware of risks.
• May have tried unsuccessfully to change in the
  past.
• To move forward, person must raise consciousness
  of target behavior and its effects on themselves
  and those around them.

25
Contemplation

• Persons in this stage are aware they have a
  problem and begin thinking and learning about it.
• They acknowledge the benefits the behavior change
  will have for them.
• Wonder about course of action/unsure of how to
  proceed.
• Should work on written records and pros and
  cons of target.

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Preparation

• Persons in this stage are planning to take action
  within one month.
• Have already begun making small changes to
  experiment.
• A step-by-step plan is important in this stage.
• Benefits outweigh the costs.
• Ex Person may join gym in this stage

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Action

• Person is outwardly modifying behavior.
• Greatest commitment of time and energy.
• At risk for reverting/relapsing to old behavior.
• Planning ahead for temptations important.
• Person visiting gym 5 days/week and logging
  workouts/nutrition.

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Maintenance

• Persons in this stage have maintained new
  behavior for at least 6 months.
• Confidence and self-efficacy increase.
• This stage can last 6 months-5 years.

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Termination

• Persons in this stage are no longer at risk for
  relapsing into old behavior.
• New self-image and total self-efficacy with
  regard to target behavior.
• This stage applies to addiction type behaviors,
  not necessarily others.

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What Stage Are You In?

• LAB 4 COMPLETE
• Choose a health-related behavior that you know
  needs to be addressed.
• This will be your target behavior change.
• Be sure and state the negative behavior, the
  target behavior and answer the questions. Turn in
  for a lab grade.

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NUTRITION TIP FOR THE WEEK

• WATER!!! HOW MUCH?

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WATER

• FACT Water is your bodys primary component
  60 of your weight!
• FUNCTION Water flushes toxins out of vital
  organs, carries nutrients to cells and provides
  moisture for your ears, nose and throat
  environments.
• MORE FUNCTIONS Body Temperature Regulation, Aids
  in digestion, Prevents Salt accumulation.
• Mayo Clinic

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HYDRATION

• Average Urine Output for healthy adult 1.5
  Liters per day.
• You will lose another liter of water everyday by
  breathing, sweating, and bowel excretion.
• By replacing the above by consuming at least 2
  liters of water/day (just over 8 cups) you will
  replace lost fluids.
• Mayo Clinic

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MORE WATER

• MEN Should consume approximately 3.0 liters or
  13 cups of water.
• WOMEN Should consume 2.2 liters (9 cups) per
  day.
• You should rarely feel thirsty and should produce
  2 liters of colorless or slightly yellow urine
  everyday.
• Mayo Clinic

35
WATER MODIFICATION

• MODERATE EXERCISE 1-2 cups extra in addition to
  the previous.
• INTENSE EXERCISE 2-3 cups per hour during
  exercise
• Mayo Clinic

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DEHYDRATION SYMPTOMS

• Mild to excessive thirst
• Fatigue
• Headache
• Dry mouth
• Little or no urination
• Muscle weakness
• Dizziness
• Lightheadedness
• Mayo Clinic

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Water Tips

• Thoroughly clean or replace water bottles often
  if you tend to refill the same store-bought
  bottle.
• If craving more taste, add a lemon or orange
  slice. A dash of sugar free kool-aid works great,
  too!
• Keep water readily accessible.
• Fresh fruit and veggies have a high water
  content.
• Mayo Clinic