Locomotor Per formance:

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LocomotorPer formance Proximate Mechanisms
and Ecological Correlates
Started here 25 Jan. 2007
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How Does Endurance Capacity Vary in Relation to
Body Size and Body Temperature? Two
hypotheses Bigger is better. Warmer is
better. Use lizards as a model system because
they show wide range of variation in both size
and field-active body temperatures.
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Measuring treadmill endurance at 1.0 km/h
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Cophosaurus texanus
Dipsosaurus dorsalis
Gambelia wislizenii
Cnemidophorus tigris
Uta stansburiana
Uma scoparia
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Garland, T., Jr. 1994. Phylogenetic analyses of
lizard endurance capacity in relation to body
size and body temperature. Pages 237-259 (
references) in L. J. Vitt and E. R. Pianka, eds.
Lizard ecology historical and experimental
perspectives. Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton.
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Garland, T., Jr. 1994. Phylogenetic analyses of
lizard endurance capacity in relation to body
size and body temperature. Pages 237-259 (
references) in L. J. Vitt and E. R. Pianka, eds.
Lizard ecology historical and experimental
perspectives. Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton.
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Garland, T., Jr. 1994. Phylogenetic analyses of
lizard endurance capacity in relation to body
size and body temperature. Pages 237-259 (
references) in L. J. Vitt and E. R. Pianka, eds.
Lizard ecology historical and experimental
perspectives. Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton.
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Summary For interspecific variation in lizard
endurance, bigger is better and warmer is better.
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Are preferred and optimal body temperatures
tightly correlated?
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12 Species of Australian Skinks
1-tailed P 0.02
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Natural Sexual Selection
Act On
Behavior
Constrain
Morphology, Physiology, Biochemistry
Organismal Performance Abilities
Deter- mine
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Natural Sexual Selection
Act On
Behavior
Constrain
Morphology, Physiology, Biochemistry
Organismal Performance Abilities
Deter- mine
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Kelly et al., 2006
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Kelly et al., 2006
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Natural Sexual Selection
Act On
Behavior
Constrain
Morphology, Physiology, Biochemistry
Organismal Performance Abilities
Deter- mine
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Photos by Todd Jackman and others
14 Speciesof AnolisLizards
pulchellus
sagrei
Can species with longer hind legs sprint faster?
cristatellus
krugi
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Losos, J. B. 1990. Ecomorphology, performance
capability, and scaling of West Indian Anolis
lizardsan evolutionary analysis. Ecological
Monographs 60369-388. Figure from Garland
Adolph (1994).
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Test for a relationship between the residuals.
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Speed and Hindlimb Span in aBroaderArray
ofLizards
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High-Speed Treadmill
Bonine, K. E., and T. Garland, Jr. 1999. Sprint
performance of phrynosomatid lizards, measured on
a high- speed treadmill, correlates
with hindlimb length. Journal of Zoology, London
248255-265.
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High-Speed Treadmill
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The High-Speed Treadmill often yields maximal
speed estimates that are greater than for a
racetrack, especially for fast species.
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Bonine, K. E., and T. Garland, Jr. 1999. Sprint
performance of phrynosomatid lizards, measured on
a high-speed treadmill, correlates with hindlimb
length. Journal of Zoology, London 248255-265.
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Note short legs of the alligator lizard (Elgaria
kingii)
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Sample size varied from 2-30 per species.
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Deleting Elgaria kingii, which has short legs and
low Tb
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What are the advantages of bipedality for small
rodents? Several hypotheses Foraging Food
manipulation Efficiency of locomotion Endurance
Maneuverability Speed
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Dipodomys Microdipodops Liomys Heteromys
Chaetodipus Perognathus
Bipedality Evolved Here
Heteromyidae often used as a Model System
Alexander, L. F. and B. R. Riddle. 2005.
Phylogenetics of the New World rodent family
Heteromyidae. Journal of Mammalogy 86399-379.
(their Fig. 5)
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Genus Dipodomys, Kangaroo Rats, are convergent
with small jumping rodents in Old World deserts,
including the jerboas and gerbils of Africa and
Asia, and certain hopping mice in Australia
(Notomys).
Dipodomys jerboa
Notomys
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Alexander, L. F. and B. R. Riddle. 2005.
Phylogenetics of the New World rodent family
Heteromyidae. Journal of Mammalogy
86399-379. (their Fig. 1)
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Heteromys Liomys Dipodomys Microdipodops C
haetodipus Perognathus
http//www.faculty.missouristate.edu/m/MarkMcKnigh
t/images/Heteromyidae20skins.JPG
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Bipedal heteromyids do not have more efficient
locomotion (lower incremental cost of
transport) MacMillen, R. E., and D. S. Hinds.
1992. Standard, cold induced, and
exercise-induced metabolism of rodents. Pages
16-33 in T. E. Tomasi and T. H. Horton, eds.
Mammalian energetics interdisciplinary views of
metabolism and reproduction. Comstock Publishing
Associates, Ithaca, New York. xii 276 pp.
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Run on a motorized treadmill, beginning at 2
km/h, with speed increased by 1 km/h every 5 min
until exhaustion Total time recorded, and
converted to distance
Djawdan, M. 1993. Locomotor performance of
bipedal and quadrupedal heteromyid rodents.
Functional Ecology 7195-202.
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Released in the field and chased "No attempt was
made to control the speed of the animals or force
animals to run at top speed." Footsteps measured
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Djawdan, M., and T. Garland, Jr. 1988. Maximal
running speeds of bipedal and quadrupedal
rodents. Journal of Mammalogy 69765-772.
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Summary Dipodomys are fast, agile, and have high
endurance, but the same cannot be said of all
bipedal rodents.
Stopped here 25 Jan. 2007 end of material to be
covered on 1st Midterm Exam on 30 Jan. 2007