Geography of Evolution

1
Geography of Evolution

• Biogeography
• Geographic distribution of organisms
• Historical Biogeography
• Geological and Evolutionary context
• Phylogeography
• Genetic lineages (populations)

2
Distributional Patterns
Antitropical (bipolar)
Gondwanan
3
Biogeographic Realms
Continent of Antarctica
4
Biogeographic Provinces
5
Plethodontidae An Example
6
Plethodontidae An Example
7
Historical Factors

• Biotic
• Extinction
• Dispersal Ability
• Abiotic Factors
• Barriers to Dispersal
• Geological Processes

8
Extinction
S. America
North America
Old World
QT
Pliocene
Equidae
Miocene
Oligocene
Eocene
9
Extinction Relict Populations
Relict populations remnants of once widespread
populations.
Saxifraga cernua
10
Dispersal
High vagility organisms have potential to
disperse great distances.
11
Dispersal
12
Historical Factors

• Biotic
• Extinction
• Dispersal Ability
• Abiotic Factors
• Barriers to Dispersal
• Geological Processes

13
Barriers to Dispersal

• Barriers limit or prevent dispersal of
  individuals
• Influences geographic distribution and speciation
  processes

14
Geological Factors
Laupala crickets
15
Gondwana
Distributional pattern results from breakup of
Gondwana.
16
Gondwana Area Cladogram
Area cladogram represents geological history of
area.
Compare with phylogeny of taxon to infer
dispersal vs geological processes.
17
Not Gondwana Breakup?
Molecular clock suggests more recent dispersal