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Systems Biology ___ Toward Systemlevel Understanding of Biological Systems

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Title: Systems Biology ___ Toward Systemlevel Understanding of Biological Systems


1
Systems Biology___ Toward System-levelUnderstand
ing of Biological Systems
Hou-Haifeng
2
What is Systems Theory?
  • By system, we mean a bunch of parts that are
    connected to one another and work together
  • Mathematical Systems Theory is oncerned with the
    description and understanding of systems by the
    means of mathematics
  • Analysis
  • Modeling
  • Simulation
  • ...

3
Dynamic Systems- Definition
  • A system is an object in which variables of
    different kinds interact and produce observable
    signals
  • In a dynamic system the current output value
    depends not only on the current input value but
    also on its earlier values

4
Dynamic Systems
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What exactly is Systems Biology?
  • Biology went top-down for the last 50 years
  • From cell to protein to gene ..
  • Huge amounts of data produced
  • Challenge put the pieces back together again
  • Attempts to create predictive models of cells,
    organs, biochemical processes and complete
    organisms

6
The scope of systems biology is potentially very
broad and different sets of techniques may be
deployed for each research target. It requires
collective efforts from multiple research areas,
such as molecular biology, high-precision
measurement, computer science, control theory,
and other scientific and engineering fields.
7
What exactly is Systems Biology?
  • a new field in biology that aims at system-level
    understanding of biological systems
  • to understand biological systems grounded in the
    molecular level as a consistent framework of
    knowledge
  • to investigate the behaviour and relationships of
    all the elements in a particular biological
    system

8
What exactly is Systems Biology?
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History
  • Term coined at 1960s, however theoretical people
    and experimental biologists diverged
  • Renaissance at 1990s
  • Biology becoming cross-disciplinary, information
    based, high throughput science

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A systems biology view...
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Systems Biology Research Cycle Vision
In vitro, In vivo experiments
In silico experiments
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SYSTEMS BIOLOGY Projects
  • Multi-scale modeling and analysis of adaptive
    cellular and system processes
  • Mammalian systems neurons, brains, brain
    functions and diseases
  • a model benchmark tool, and a matrix of solutions
    for Genetic Regulatory Circuits.
  • Development and Analysis of kinetic signaling
    models
  • Link of signaling models to Genetic Regulatory
    Circuits
  • Genetic Regulatory Circuits to neuronal
    electrical behavior

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Protein interaction network
The colour of a node indicates the phenotypic
effect of removing the corresponding protein (red
lethal, green non-lethal, orange slow
growth, yellow unknown).
Yeast map of proteinprotein interactions based
on yeast two-hybrid method
18
What needs to be accomplished?
  • System Structure Identification
  • BOTTOM-UP APPROACH
  • TOP-DOWN APPROACH make use of
    high-throughput data and other new measurement
    technologies to deduce the properties of the
    systems
  • PARAMETER IDENTIFICATION brute force
    exhaustive search, genetic algorithms, simulated
    annealing

Systems
Components
19
What needs to be accomplished
  • System Behavior Analysis
  • Computer simulation and a set of theoretical
    analyses are essential to provide in-depth
    understanding on the mechanisms behind the
    circuits

20
a database for storing experimental data a
cell and tissue simulator, parameter
optimization software, bifurcation and systems
analysis software, hypotheses generator and
experiment planning advisor software, and
data visualization software.
FigureSoftware tools for systems biology and
their workflow
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What needs to be accomplished
  • System Control

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What needs to be accomplished
  • System Design the strategies to modify and
    construct biological systems having desired
    properties can be devised based on definite
    design principles and simulations, instead of
    blind trial-and-error

23
Biological Robustness
  • Robustness is a ubiquitously observed property of
    biological systems
  • Robustness is a property that allows a system to
    maintain its functions despite external and
    internal perturbations

24
Explaining robustness the aeroplane example.
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Robustness as an organizational principle
System control consists of negative and positive
feedback to attain a robust dynamic response in
the regulatory networks (cell cycle, circadian
clock and chemotaxis)
26
Modularity an effective Mechanism for containing
perturbations and damage locally to minimize the
effects on the whole system
Decoupling isolates low-level variation from
high-level functionalities
27
Biological Robustness
  • Cancer is an extremely complex and heterogeneous
    disease that exhibits a high level of robustness
    against a range of therapeutic efforts
  • Heterogeneity among tumour cells provides a high
    level of redundancy, and hence increased chances
    of survival and growth
  • Hunt for fragility weaknesses in tumour growth
    dynamics could yield new anti-cancer therapies

28
Conclusion
  • System biology is a new and emerging field in
    biology
  • A long ways to go before understanding biological
    systems
  • We believe that systems biology will be the
    dominant paradigm in biology, and many medical
    applications as well as scientific discoveries
    are expected.

29
Thank you very much for listening
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