Paradigms of programming

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Paradigms of programming

• Lecturer Djorupbekov S.

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The program a code data

• Code - algorithm of processing (action, process,
  procedure, function)
• Data - processable given by the algorithm, set in
  the form of the certain structures of data
• Programs algorithms structures of data
• 
  (N. Virt)

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Paradigm

• - This rule of development of scientific
• knowledge
• - A way of thinking in programming
• - The basic approach, managements of
• designing of programs
• - The internal organization of the text of
• the program

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The basic paradigms

• The Procedure-oriented programming (at which the
  program is considered the approach the model
  focused on process (process-oriented model))
• Object-oriented programming (the approach at
  which is done access operated by data to a code
  (data controlling access to code))

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Rules of structural programming - rules of
registration of the text of the program

• 1. Use of base structures of algorithm
• Unconditional action (function)
• Branching
• Recurrence
• 2. Ways of a combination of base structures
• Consecutive connection
• Investment of one structure inside of another
• 3. The structured coding

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Procedure-oriented programming

• Idea the Problem gt subtasks
• Idea Programm gt Subroutines

result
data
Algoritm (task, programm)
data
result
subroutine1
subroutine2
subroutine3
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Task R a b. Example_0 Programm without
user Subroutines (Delphi)

• program Lab1a
• APPTYPE CONSOLE
• uses
• SysUtils
• VAR a, b, r Integer
• begin
• Write('Vvedite a ') Readln(a)
• Write('Vvedite b ') Readln(b)
• r a b
• WRITELN('summa', r) // WRITELN('summa',
  a b)
• READLN
• end.

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Subroutines (Delphi)

• Procedure
• Function

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Function

• Function summa (a,bInteger)Integer
• Begin
• Resultab
• End

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Procedure

• Procedure summa (a,bInteger var R)
• Begin
• Rab
• End

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Task R a b. Example_1
Procedure-oriented programming (Delphi)

• program Lab1b
• APPTYPE CONSOLE
• uses
• SysUtils
• Function summa (a,bInteger)Integer
• Begin
• Resultab
• End
• VAR x,yInteger
• begin
• Write('Vvedite x ') Readln(x)
• Write('Vvedite y ') Readln(y)
• WRITELN('summa', summa(x,y))
• READLN
• end.

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Module Programming

• Concept of the module
• The module is a subroutine, but issued according
  to special rules.
• The module should have one input and one output
  and carry out strictly unequivocal function which
  is described by a simple sentence.
• The module should provide the compilation
  independent of other modules, with to forget
  all internal designations of modules.
• The module can cause other modules on their
  names.
• Module Programming
• Modularity of programs
• Structural coding of modules of programs
• Descending designing of rational hierarchy of
  modules of programs
• Descending realization of the program with use
  ????????
• Realization of planning at all stages of the
  project
• The through structural control of program
  complexes over the whole and modules making them.

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Task R a b. Example_2 Module
Programming (Delphi)

• The program using the subroutine-module
• program Lab1c
• APPTYPE CONSOLE
• uses
• SysUtils,
• Unit1c in 'Unit1c.pas' // The connected
  module
• VAR x,yInteger
• begin
• Write('Vvedite x ') Readln(x)
• Write('Vvedite y ') Readln(y)
• WRITELN('summa', summa(x,y))
• READLN
• end.

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Task R a b. Example_2 Module
Programming (Delphi)

• The used subroutine-module
• unit Unit1c
• interface
• Function summa
• (a,bInteger)Integer

• implementation
• Function summa (a,bInteger)Integer
• Begin
• Resultab
• End
• end.

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Object-oriented programming

• Statement of a problem in the form of set of
  operating objects (??? - object-oriented-analysis)
  
• Designing of complex program systems in the form
  of objects (OOD - object-oriented-design)

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Object-oriented-analysis

• Creation of models of reality of a problem on the
  basis of object-oriented thinks, the description
  of a problem in its expressions.
• It is methodology at which requirements to
  program system are perceived from the point of
  view of classes and the objects pragmatically
  revealed in a subject domain of a problem
• Objects correspond concrete ????????? problems,
  and classes are their abstraction acting in a
  role of concepts.
• The class is the description of how its
  representative-object will look and behave. A
  class - logic, object - the physical design
  existing in memory.
• Any component of a problem can be considered as
  object with characteristics (data) and behaviour
  (action). Their object incapsulation.
• Each object in the text of the program is
  considered a copy of a class (type) or it is the
  structured variable of type a class. A class -
  abstract type of data
• The object (objective variable) stores data, but
  you can do inquiries to object, asking to
  make actions above yourselves

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Object-oriented-design

• Designing of program system on the basis of model
  OOA
• Programming in terms of a problem, the decision
  of a problem in its space, instead of in terms of
  a computer.
• Process of realization of the programs, based on
  representation of the program in the form of set
  of objects - copies of classes.
• Each class should make the separate program
  module (modularity).
• Programming from a class to a class . Classes
  are formed in the program as required
  descriptions new physical objects problems or
  their abstract concepts (abstraction)
• Can create new object (class) by means of laying
  in it already existing classes-objects
  (inheritance)
• Definition of various forms of realization of the
  same action. All objects of the certain type
  (class) can receive identical messages
  (polymorphism).

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Task R a b. Example_3 Object-oriented
programming (Delphi)

• The basic program using the module-class
• program Lab1d
• APPTYPE CONSOLE
• uses
• SysUtils,
• Unit1d in 'Unit1d.pas' // module-class
• Var arifmOperacia TarifmOperacia
• BEGIN
• arifmOperacia TarifmOperacia.Create
• arifmOperacia.dane
• writeln('summa ', arifmOperacia.summa)
• READLN
• END.

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Task R a b. Example_3
Object-oriented programming (Delphi)

• The connected module - class
• unit Unit1d
• interface
• Type TarifmOperacia class
• private
• a, b Integer
• public
• Procedure dane
• Function summa Integer
• end

• implementation
• Procedure TarifmOperacia.dane
• begin
• write('a ') readln(a)
• write('b ') readln(b)
• end
• Function TarifmOperacia.summa Integer
• Begin
• Resultab
• End
• end.

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The events and visual programming

• The events -visual programming in many respects
  automates work of the programmer on a writing of
  programs.
• The events -visual programming - one of the most
  popular paradigms of programming at present. It
  is based on technology ???.
• The environment of visual programming supports
  work of browsers by means of which it is possible
  to receive automatically the documentation on
  structure of the program.
• Basic element in environments of visual
  programming is the component. Components happen
  visual and not visual.
• The technology of The events -visual programming
  consists in the following
• Creation of screen forms
• Drawing visual and not visual a component
• Programming of events and methods of window forms
  

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The events -visual programming (Delphi). Task R
a b. 1. Creation of screen forms2.
Drawing visual and not visual a component
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Task R a b. Example_4 The
events -visual programming (Delphi). 3.
Programming of events and methods of window forms

• program Lab1e
• uses
• Forms,
• Unit1e in 'Unit1e.pas' Form1
• R .res
• begin
• Application.Initialize
• Application.CreateForm(TForm1, Form1)
• Application.Run
• end.
• unit Unit1e
• interface
• uses

• Edit2 TEdit
• Label1 TLabel
• Label2 Tlabel
• Label3 Tlabel
• procedure Button1Click(Sender TObject)
• private
• Private declarations
• public
• Public declarations
• end
• var
• Form1 TForm1
• implementation
• R .dfm

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Resume

• On an example of Delphi-programs, decisions of
  the same problems, it has been shown distinctions
  of the internal organization of the text of
  programs at use of various paradigms of
  programming.