NASA SHARP CLOSING CEREMONY

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NASA SHARP CLOSING CEREMONY
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Combustion and Ignition of Energetic Nancomposites

• Harrison Hsu
• Under supervision of Dr. E. L. Dreizin and A.
  Ermoline, New Jersey Institute of Technology

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Nanocomposites

• Mixtures blended on the scale of nanometers
• They are exceptionally homogeneous

A nanocomposite
A regular mixture
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More about Nanocomposites

• Produced by blending fine powders
• Powders manufactured in ball mill
• Nanocomposite powders can be pressed into
  easier-to-handle pellets

Ball milling pictures from http//www.ilpi.com/ino
rganic/glassware/index.html
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Reactive Nanocomposites

• Nanocomposites have effectively infinite reaction
  surface area
• They react faster and more intensely than
  macro-size composites

• Can be space propellant, explosive, incendiary

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The Laser Chamber

• A hermetically sealed chamber
• Equipped with CO2 and red lasers
• Data collection instruments light and sound
• Used to heat and ignite pellets

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First Project Zirconium

• The phase chemistry of Zr with N and O is not
  well-known
• Research could lead to discovery of new
  materials, particularly explosives and propellants

A diagram of the compositions used
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Current Results

• Local heating is currently possible
• Multiple heatings a promising possibility
• Compositions A, B, C, and E have been used so far

Sphere-and-cylinder formation for uniform heating
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Results (cont.)
SEM reveals morphologies
Dendritic
Spherical Inclusions
Burn temperatures about 2000K
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Graph
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Second Project Thermite

• A reactive metal exchanges oxygen with an inert
  oxide for large energy release.

• Aluminum-Iron
• Aluminum-Molybdenum
• Boron-Titanium

Example Reaction AlFe2O3 Al2O3Fe
From http//www.chem.psu.edu/ncs/HalloweenShow2003
.htm
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Thermite Preparation

• Arrested Reactive Milling
• Milling cut short boosts reaction power and speed
• Used to compare with conventional milling

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Results

• Pulsed Detonation
• ARM releases more energy faster than the blend
• Frequent saturation of camera

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Future Research

• Added Variables
• Temporary levitation for ignitions
• Teflon nanocomposite (CF2) n Al)
• New Pellet Binders
• New formulations of Zr-O-N (D,F,G,H)

• Applications of Technology
• Munitions
• Propellant
• Fuel

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Analysis of Aerosol Particle Concentration Using
MFRSR

• Goddard Institute For Space Studies
• The City College Of New York, Department of
  Electrical Engineering
• Xavier Estevez

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What are aerosols?

• Air consists of molecules of N2, O2, CO2, and
  various other gases
• Aerosols are fine solid or liquid particles
  suspended in a gas
• Some examples of atmospheric aerosols are smoke,
  sulfates, volcanic ash, pollen, mold spores

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Remote Sensing

• Is the observation of some attribute of a subject
  by means that do not involve direct contact with
  that subject
• In other words, look dont touch
• A familiar remote sensing system is that of your
  eyes and brain
• Examples of remote sensing weather radar,
  satellite imagery, climbing a mountain and
  looking at things, LIDAR, seismometers,
  telescopes, radio telescopes, x-rays, MRI. The
  applications are almost endless.

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Remote Sensing of Aerosols

• In order to determine the concentration of
  aerosols in the atmosphere, we use optical remote
  sensing.
• Aerosol particles reflect light. We can detect
  these particles by measuring the loss of
  intensity of light as it passes through an
  aerosol-bearing medium
• Different wavelengths of light can detect
  different particle sizes.
• Simply put, short wavelength light detects
  smaller particles, and long wavelength light
  detects larger particles

Long wavelength light
Short wavelength light
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What is the MFRSR?

• Multi-Filter Rotating Shadowband Radiometer
• Multi-Filter
• Senses several different wavelengths of light
• Rotating Shadowband
• Has a motorized arm thatperiodically covers the
  sensor
• Radiometer
• Measures intensity of solar radiation

http//www.yesinc.com/products/data/mfr7/index.htm
l
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How Is It Used?
MFR
Laptop
Control Unit / Data Acquisition System
RS-232

• Data Acquisition System (DAS) controls the MFR,
  stores data in internal memory
• Laptop is connected to the DAS to download the
  data
• Data files are analyzed using various software
  tools

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What Does It Tell Us?

• The moving shadowband allows one instrument to
  collect direct and diffuse intensity readings
• Data analysis tells us how much light is
  reflected by the atmosphere
• Variations in this amount are related to
  concentration of aerosol particles

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Beers Law

• The deeper the glass, the darker the brew,
• The less the amount of light that gets through

Ig I0 emt Loge Ig Loge I0 tm

• The intensity of the light that reaches the
  earths surface is decreased by two factors the
  length of its path through the atmosphere, and
  the optical properties of the atmosphere
• The relationship can be modeled as a linear
  equation.
• The slope of this line is equal to the total
  optical depth (how effectively the atmosphere
  blocks light)

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Langley Regression Analysis

• As the sun moves across the sky, sunlight must
  pass through varying amounts of air
• The lights path is shortest at noon, and longest
  at sunrise and sunset
• Beers law tells us that there is a direct
  relationship between path length and light
  intensity light that passes through a path twice
  as long is affected twice as much.
• We assume that the optical depth of the
  atmosphere remains constant over a half-day
  period, and can therefore determine optical depth
  by plotting light intensity against path length
  (the secant of the solar zenith angle).

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Data Filtering
The optical depth for the time period in this
graph is equal to the slope of the red line.
The red line was not drawn mathematically, it
just looks right This technique is not
statistically valid, we have to use a linear
regression equation to draw the trend line That
regression applied to this data set would yield a
line with a less severe slope and a lower
y-intercept, due to the disproportionate effect
of outlying points.
Secant of solar zenith angle vs. Solar radiation
intensity (W/m2/nm) 415 nm, afternoon of
22-June-2004
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Linear Regression

• Linear regression is a technique used to plot a
  straight line from a 2-dimensional collection of
  plotted data points
• This allows one to model real-world data
  theoretically
• The line produced will pass as closely as
  possible to as many of the data points as
  possible
• The equation which returns the slope of the
  best-fit line is as follows

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Outcome

• The final product of my research is a list of
  optical depths for approximately 70 days, and the
  Java application that I used to calculate these
  values.
• I do not see any discernible patterns in these
  optical depths. They do not appear to conform to
  any linear or periodic functions as far as I can
  tell.
• One potential source of error is the fact that
  due to cloudy or overcast conditions, some days
  did not yield any acceptable data-points, or
  yielded too few data-points to obtain any
  statistically valid trend
• Another error source is the fact that even the
  best data-cleaning algorithm cannot determine
  with absolute certainty which readings are
  invalid.

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References

• Atmospheric Aerosols What are they, and why are
  they so important? http//oea.larc.nasa.gov/PAIS
  /Aerosols.html
• Linear Regressionhttp//www.math.csusb.edu/facu
  lty/stanton/probstat/regression.html
• Excel Tutorial On Linear Regressionhttp//phoen
  ix.phys.clemson.edu/tutorials/excel/regression.htm
  l
• Langley Methodhttp//www.optics.arizona.edu/rsg
  /menu_items/resources/equip/langley.htm
• MFR-7 MULTI-FILTER ROTATING SHADOW BAND
  RADIOMETERhttp//www.yesinc.com/products/data/mf
  r7/index.html

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Supercritical Fluid Assisted Particle Synthesis

• Antoinette Kretsch
• New Jersey Institute of Technology

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Supercritical Fluid Extraction
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Analytical Techniques

• Beckman Coulter N4 Plus Submicron Particle Size
  Analyzer
• determines particle size by measuring the rate of
  change in laser light intensity scattered by
  particles as they diffuse through a fluid
• Leo 1530 VP SEM Microscope
• Produces 3-D image magnified x100,000 by spraying
  specimen with fine metal coating and sending beam
  of electrons over the surface to be projected
  onto fluorescent screen 
• SigmaScan Systat software program
• Collects data such as diameter and area of
  nanoparticles using pictures taken by the SEM
• FTIR Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy
• Used to identify chemical bonds in various
  substances by interpreting the infrared
  absorption spectra

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Conclusions

• A smaller nozzle will yield smaller, less
  agglomerated particles
• A pressure closer to supercritical pressure (78
  bar for CO2) will yield smaller particles, so 82
  bar had smaller particles than 100 bar
• The higher ratio of acetone to DCM will yield
  smaller particles with a narrow size distribution
  although the particles will have a distorted
  shape

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Suggestions for Further Study

• Can a stronger pump be used for force the
  solution through tinier micronozzles (ex 10 µm
  and 5 µm)?
• Is there a better way to increase yield of
  particles (particles stick to sides of, top of,
  and apparatus inside the collecting chamber and
  are hard to remove) and decrease amount lost to
  air?
• What would the results be if another
  supercritical fluid was used instead of CO2?
• Can the durability of the micronozzles be
  increased so they last more than one or two
  trials?

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Skeletal Response to Weightlessness in the Female
Murine Tibia

• Amy Brazin, NASA Apprentice
• Maria Squire, Ph.D. Candidate
• Stefan Judex, Ph.D.
• August 20, 2004

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Effects of Disuse are Site-Specific

• Metaphyseal BV/TV is 30 lower in disuse mice
• Metaphyseal Ct.Ar is lower by 15?as a result of
  a decrease in Ps.Ar and increase in Ec.Ar
• Yet, diaphyseal Ct.Ar was only minimally affected
  (3)?due to an insignificant increase in both
  Ps.Ar and Ec.Ar

• Example

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If I had more time, I would.

• Analysis male F1 mice for similar effects in the
  tibia
• Examine the osteoclast, osteoblast, and osteoid
  growth and population density in specific sites
• Research other causes of bone loss such as
  hormonal secretions

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Image Segmentation of Bone Density Images

• Rebecca Kamins

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Quick Overview

• Trying to find a deconvlution algorithm that will
  give us the real image.
• g(x,y) f(x,y)h(x,y)n(x,y)
• We took a PSF (represents blur in a micro CT
  scanner) and altered it 3 ways.
• Deconvolved the images using each PSF and
  analyzed the results

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Results

• Symmetrically rotated Gaussian PSF yielded the
  best results
• Circular PSF good too- not the best

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Future

• Create 3D volume estimates of the mouse bones
• Use pattern recognition to determine genetic
  trends in mice with bone loss
• Write a code to be implemented in a micro CT
  scanner

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Acknowledgements

• Dr. John Daponte
• Megan Damon
• Michael Clark
• Thomas Sadowski
• Charles Tirrell
• NASA SHARP
• NASA GISS
• SCSU

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Enhancing Air Gap Membrane Distillation

• Melissa Deutsch
• In conjunction with the Goddard Institute for
  Space Studies at the New Jersey Institute of
  Technology
• Dr. Chao Zhu professor of mechanical
  engineering
• Tong Lee, Qun Yu PhD candidates
• Summer 2004

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Research Findings

• Distillation system used to extract chemically
  pure water from dirty water through a hydrophobic
  membrane
• Theoretically, pure water has a resistance of
  infinity, since it cannot conduct electricity
• This system produced water of 300kO resistance
  from an initial source feed of salt water at 90kO
  
• Huge jump in resistance of water shows that the
  system is largely effective in its end

• Found that the magnetic stirrer did little to
  increase both the rate of water production and
  the volume of water produced
• Larger temperature difference did produce a
  greater rate of production
• Hot side cavity is too large to effectively
  increase the rate of water production
• Folded membrane would make the system more
  feasible for use on a lunar base
• Vacuum pump necessary to increase rate of flow

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Future Work

• Test the AGMD apparatus against various
  concentrations of dissolved particles (ie NaCl,
  dyes)
• Test the AGMD apparatus against various
  temperature gradients
• Install an ultrasonic inducer to potentially
  enhance the effectiveness of the membrane
  distillation system
• Build a new AGMD apparatus with a folded membrane
  module to increase flow rate
• Introduce a vacuum into the air gap

AGMD apparatus
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York College Radio Telescope

• York College Radio Telescope
• York College Observatory
• Ian OLeary
• Tim Paglione

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Description

• We will be receiving Radio waves from various
  sources.
• Radio waves we are focusing on is the 21 cm
  hydrogen wave emissions.
• Radio waves allow us to understand more about
  what we are focusing on.
• Hydrogen gives creates a 21 cm wave when it moves
  from its excited state to its ground state.

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Project Goals

• Construction of a Radio Telescope.
• Connections between telescope and computer
  (server).
• Observe radio wave emissions from hydrogen
  emitting sources.
• ex Sun (stars), Moon, and Galaxies
• Record and plot all data found.

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Personal Air Vehicle
By Robert Brown and Nikhil Srivastava
Contributions from Dr. Siva Thangam
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This is an artist's concept of a dual-mode road
to air vehicle, a 'flying car.'
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A Flying CarWhat would it take?

• Concept
• A roadable aircraft that gives people the
  option to drive or to fly
• Why?
• Basically, a question of time
• Point to point mobility can be dramatically
  increased with a dual-mode vehicle

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The Process

• Research Websites, Magazines, News Articles,
  other published works
• Comparison/rating of existing designs using
  evaluation metrics
• Preliminary conceptual design
• Testing of design using principles of fluid
  dynamics
• Building a prototype?

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Sample Metrics (Specifications)

• Ease/Speed of convertibility
• Fits on roads/parking spaces/garages
• Propulsion fuel efficiency, type of engine
• Size passenger capacity, cargo, fuel
• Takeoff/Landing runway length, noise
• Weight distribution

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Important Guidelines

• Fuel Sources Involved
• Emissions
• Noise issues
• Cost Analysis
• Surveys for user demographics
• Ground systems to support transportation

Nikhils design
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Radio Emission of Jupiter and the Sun

• NASA SHARP
• Goddard Institute for Space Studies
• Medgar Evers College
• By Junior Soto, Melissa Feliciano, Tiffany
  Walker
• Mentor Dr. Leon Johnson

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Results

• The general task that we perform was receiving
  electromagnetic waves from the Sun. After
  receiving the electromagnetic waves we had to
  find out how this affected that Planet Earth. The
  result that we received was that we heard two
  solar bursts. We had to keep in mind that there
  was a lot of interference at our site which is
  located at Medgar Evers college. During the time
  that we were receiving electromagnetic waves we
  also were hearing a lot of static's.

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Future Work

• As we continue to gather more information on
  Radio Jove and also gathering electromagnetic
  waves from the Sun we came to the conclusion that
  there should be further work on this experiment.
  Such experiments includes listening for more
  solar bursts near in the future and also
  identifying how this emission from the Sun can
  affect the communication on Earth. By doing all
  of this we could come and find a way in which our
  communication can be stronger and not be
  disturbed, nor interrupted by any solar emission.

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Precision Robot Navigation

• Configuring a PS2 optical mouse to interface with
  a BASIC Stamp 2 microcontroller

Summer 2004
Our Robot
Researchers Calley Levine and Ali
Moussawi Mentor Professor Vikram Kapila Teaching
Assistant Mr. Mishah Salman
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Our Project

• The precision navigation robot was created in
  order to provide a cheap and practical method for
  determining the position of a robot.
• This was done using a PS/2 optical mouse and
• the BASIC Stamp 2 (BS2) microcontroller
• Difficulty Interfacing communication between the
  mouse and the BS2
• Many attempts were made to write a program which
  would successfully enable the communication
  simply said, we failed
• Factors timing, power, and data transfer
• Instead, the PAK-Via pic was used and its
  displacement readings were then applied in order
  to restrict the movement of the robot to an area
  inscribed by specified parameters (i.e. a room)

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What We Learned

• Circuitry (basics use of transistors
  integration of sensors, processors, actuators,
  etc.)
• Computer programming using PBASIC language
• Responsibilities of employment the work wasnt
  too bad
• Managing time and keeping to deadlines is
  extremely important
• (AIM, Minesweeper, and Microsoft Paint are
  destructive forces!!!)

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Advanced Composition Explorer

• Measuring the Solar Wind and Solar Flares

Oscar Puente Mentor Dr. Paul Marchese
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Research Findings

• The solar wind contains more low energy particles
  than it does those of higher energies
• These particles can escape the suns gravity more
  easily
• They require less energy to be excited and shot
  away from the sun
• Electrons are more abundant in the solar wind
  than protons, and they travel more quickly
• Electrons weigh less than protons and therefore
  require less energy to enter the solar wind
• Elements of higher weights (He, O, Fe) are only
  present in the solar wind during times of great
  solar activity
• They weigh more than H ions and electrons

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Future Work

• Compare solar wind data from ACE to
  magnestosphere/ionoshphre data from the Earth
• Find out how the solar wind affects the earths
  magnetic fields
• Find predictable patterns in changes caused by
  the solar wind

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EPR(electron paramagnetic resonance)

• Jonathan Spagnola
• Dr. Flowers, Hunter college/MEC

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EPR Theory

• Electrons have two spin energy states
• When no magnetic-field, the energy of the spin
  states are identical
• In presence of magnetic field, the energy of spin
  states diverge
• EPR is only used on paramagnetic species

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EPR spectroscopy

• The instrument used in the lab is Bruker EMX
  model spectrometer.
• The frequency of the microwaves that the
  spectrometer produce is 9.5GHz.
• EPR spectrum of LiMn2O4

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EPR Practicality

• The spectrometer can also be used to test the
  efficiency of different combinations of atoms,
  such as Li-ion batteries.
• The batteries for the mars rover were developed
  by those in the lab I currently work in.
• So, why Lithium.Lithium ion batteries are one of
  the most common rechargeable sources of energy.

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High Pressure NMR Study of Proton Movement in a
Polymer

• BY Rahsaan Bascombe
• Mentor Professor Steve Greenbaum, Eugene Mananga
  

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What I Learned

• Some Science behind NMR technology
• 2)How to run an experiment varying different
  Parameters
• 3) How to Use Mat lab to graph my data
• 4))Not all work done in Lab is Nobel Prize
  worthy.

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Results
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Further Work

• Running another polymer under the same conditions
• 2) Finding the diffusion under each pressure
• 3) Comparing it to the coefficients found in the
  BB2 sample
• 4)Determining which would be better to use in a
  Fuel Cell

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The Great Dark Vortex on Jupiter

• Harry Charalambous
• Dr. James Frost

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Introduction

• The Great Dark Spot of Jupiter is a mysterious
  anomaly that occurs in the north pole of Jupiter
  at a latitude of 60 degrees and a longitude of
  180 degrees. It is located in the same vicinity
  as the Aurora, which suggests the dark spot is
  related to the Aurora. With a size three times
  the size of Earth, roughly the size of the Great
  Red Spot, and a lifespan of only approximately
  ten weeks, the Great Dark Spot is a mystery. The
  Great Dark Vortex was first discovered by
  accident by the Hubble Space Telescope in 1997.
  Scientists at NASA did not know what to make of
  the spot until it was once again seen during the
  CASSINI fly-by of Jupiter in 2000.

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Abstract

• Our study of the Great Dark Vortex on Jupiter is
  meant to discover how and why the vortex forms
  and what factors contribute to its formation.
  The Great Dark Vortex, also known as the Great
  Dark Spot is currently under investigation for
  its peculiar formation and deterioration. The
  three dates I am studying are on September 1997
  with the dark spot clearly visible, November 1997
  with signs of the deterioration of the Great Dark
  Spot and its trail, and on August 1999 with no
  sign of the Great Dark Spot. This information is
  gathered using the Hubble Space Telescope.

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Conclusion

• The Great Dark Spot can be seen clearly as it was
  supposed to be during September 1997 under
  filters of 218nm, 255nm, 336nm, and 890nm. These
  are not new results, but they are worth
  discovering for myself.
• Ratios under an assortment of filters further
  reveal the Dark Spot and its trail during
  September 1997, and its deterioration during
  November 1997 in the north pole of Jupiter under
  a CML of roughly 180 degrees.
• The deterioration of the Great Dark Spot is
  revealed in some of the ratio plots from November
  1997. The possible remnants of the Great Dark
  Spot may be involved in the reformation of the
  Great Dark Spot as shown with the CASSINI flyby
  of Jupiter.

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Conclusion (contd)

• Thus, in the future, we may be able to use the
  remnants of the dark spot to tell us the
  composition of the spot. It also suggests that
  the Great Dark Spot again and possibly
  periodically.
• A ratio of 336/218 during September 1997 seems to
  reveal another dark spot in the south pole of
  Jupiter. This spot is of similar nature to the
  Great Dark Spot because it is located in the
  Aurora and last for approximately the same amount
  of time. Therefore, the Great Dark Spot can be
  inferred to be directly related to the Aurora.
• A comparison of point values at the Great Dark
  Spot for different frequencies suggests that the
  Great Dark Spots composition has a spectrum near
  a frequency of 410nm.

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Gil Zamfirescu, in conjunction with Dr. Leonard
Druyan, Dr. Matthew Fulakeza, and Abdelrahim
Mansour
Everybody talks about the weather, but nobody
does anything about it
High-resolution Weather Analysis and Prediction
West Africa
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1) The resolution of the Regional Model.
Why do we think we can do better?
Satellite Imagery (TRMM)
How do we collect data?
NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis
The Regional Model
2) The algorithm used by the Regional Model to
simulate precipitation.
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Detail of storm patterns. Variability of data.
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Optics

• The All-Optical Threshold Device

Stephen Brandes, NASA Apprentice Dr. Roger
Dorsinville, Mentor Muhammad Ali Ummy, Graduate
Student
The City College of New York
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All-Optical Threshold Device

• A device that can discriminate between two
  intensity levels is a Threshold Device

• Loop mirror contains SOA, attenuator, and 5050
  coupler
• Phase change occurs in clockwise beam during
  transmission in 5050 coupler
• Destructive or constructive interference at the
  ports
• To set a threshold value, attenuator is set to
  constant value while SOA is varied

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Experimental Setup
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Graphical Results
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Experimentation and Results

• SOA set to three different gain levels
• VOA varied periodically to change input intensity
• Threshold values of all-optical threshold device
  were inversely proportional to the value of the
  SOA
• In future, threshold device can be used for
  optical computing
• Faster
• More efficient

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Nanoscale Cr4 Doped Olivine Crystallites Used In
Optical Amplifiers and Lasers

• By Denise Asafu-Adjei (Bronx H.S. of Science)
• Caesar Pereira (Archbishop Stepinac H.S.)
• Supervising Scientist Prof. Petricevic (CCNY)
• Senior Scientist Dr. Bykov (CCNY)

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Analysis of Cr doped Powders

• 0.1 and 0.5 samples seem to be the optimal
  concentrations for laser emissions.
• When heated to 1050?C in general, the light
  emissions increased and encompassed a longer
  range of wavelengths.
• In conclusion, we can see that because the light
  emissions for 1050?C surpassed 1000nm, Cr4 ions
  are present now in our powders.

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Importance of this Research

• To synthesize an effective amplifying medium for
  the purpose of creating a tunable laser that
  will be able to emit light at multiple
  wavelengths
• This is of significance for NASA research because
  these lasers would be more versatile, spatially
  efficient, convenient, and cost-effective

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Applications of Lasers

• Optical communication
• Remote sensing
• Medical imaging
• Surgery and LASIK
• Tissue welding

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FURTHER RESEARCH

• Studying the light emissions from the crystals
  synthesized from the powders
• Attaining the optimal Cr concentration in the
  crystals, which will provide the maximum light
  emissions
• In this final part of our project x-ray
  spectroscopy will be utilized for further
  analysis of our crystals that will be grown

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Classification of NYC Aerosols by X-Ray and
Optical Methods

• By John Sangobowale (Mount St. Michael Academy)
  and William Dennis ( John F. Kennedy H.S.)
• Mentors Marc Cesaire (Graduate student) and
  Dr. Elizabeth Rudolph
  
• EAS Department CCNY

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Purpose

• The Principal objective of our work is
• Elemental Characterization of Aerosols collected
  by two methods for comparison
• EBAM beta mass attenuation
• Millipore apparatus Vacuum Filtration
• Ultimately to understand how weather patterns
  affect the chemical composition and darkness of
  aerosol particles

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What are Aerosols?

• Aerosols are small solid or liquid
  particles suspended in the atmosphere. Their
  sizes vary from a few nanometers (0.000000001
  meters) to almost 100 micrometers (0.0001 m, the
  thickness of a hair.
• Volcanic dust
• Combustion products
• Soot
• Smoke

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Optical Microscopy

• Why do we use optical microscopy?
• New approach at characterizing aerosol samples
• Build upon other experimental work and correlate
  with XRF techniques and (later down the
  roadweather data)
• Nikon Fluorescence Microscope with CCD Camera

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Conclusion

• Titanium and Iron are present in aerosols in
  variable and sometimes high concentrations
• At first pass, optical darkness of filters
  correlates with weather characteristics
  suggesting that high humidity and rain events
  correlate with higher concentrations of metals

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Thanks To..