USING THE M44 IN CONTROL OF CANIDS

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• USING THE M-44 IN CONTROL OF CANIDS

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• Training Includes
• Safe Handling and Restrictions
• Use of Antidote
• Proper Placement
• Required Record Keeping

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• Carried by Trapper
• Antidote Kit
• Instructions for Obtaining Medical Assistance

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Coyote Damage Management
Using the M-44
Steve Spitler South Dakota Dept. Of Agriculture
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Basic Information
Coyotes
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Basic Information
Coyotes

• Principle predator of sheep and increasingly on
  calves
• Population increases most when large of both
  sexes are more than seven years old
• Known animals of habit
• Set M-44s along known trails

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Basic Information
Coyotes

• Acute sense of smell, eyesight, hearing and are
  extremely adaptable
• Generally kill by biting the prey's head and/or
  neck
• Kill
• What they need to survive
• More than what they need to survive
• Excessive numbers of prey when feeding pups
• And without ever feeding on the prey

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Basic Information
The M-44 Device
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Basic Information
M-44 History

• Adopted in 1967 as a replacement for the Coyote
  Getter
• 1972 - Nixon through Executive Order banned all
  uses of the M-44
• 1974 -1975 EPA issued nine experimental use
  permits for research
• Sept. 16, 1975 EPA issued full registration but
  placed 26 restrictions on its use

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Basic Information
M-44 General Overview

• Applicators are required by EPA to receive
  specialized training
• Private or Commercial Applicator certification is
  based upon occupation
• Private Landowner or ranch employee
• Use on neighbors property w/o compensation
• Commercial Payment for hire
• Integral part of employment
• Use on property not owned by the applicator

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Basic Information
M-44 General Overview

• Non-Government Applicators are allowed to place
  devices on private state land only.
• Only trained and certified
• Private
• Commercial
• Government

Applicators may purchase and use
Sodium Cyanide Capsules
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Basic Information
M-44 General Overview

• Summer months - least effective
• Fall and Winter - most effective
• Expulsion of cyanide is by a spring plunger
• Reduces initial alarm
• Closer recovery of animal

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Basic Information
M-44 General Overview

• More selective to canines than cats
• Due to behavior
• Response to carrion
• Method of accepting food
• Dogs, coyotes, foxes all can be taken w/ the M-44
• Occasionally bobcats will pull

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Basic Information
M-44 General Overview

• The device may misfire due to
• Moisture
• Temperature
• Design
• Affects the ejection of the cyanide
• The M-44 will kill or injure humans if the proper
  precautions are not taken

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Basic Information
Sodium Cyanide
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Basic Information
Sodium Cyanide

• Restricted-Use Pesticide
• Each capsule contains
• Approximately 1 Gram or 15 Grains of
• Sodium Cyanide
• Inert Marking Agent
• Yellow DayGlo Marker
• Aids in kill determination, will fluoresce under
  UV light
• Acute-single dose toxicant

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Basic Information
Sodium Cyanide

• Most rapidly acting predacide
• Offers lowest secondary poisoning hazard to
  non-targets Lethal dose for coyotes is
• 20-30 mg/kg
• Or approximately 300 mg for a 33 pound coyote
• Sodium Cyanide forms hydrocyanic acid (HCN) when
  in contact with
• Water, saliva, weak acids, perspiration

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Basic Information
Sodium Cyanide

• As with any pesticide, when handling, applicators
  should wear
• Gloves
• Eye Protection
• Do not look directly over the device when
  setting/inspecting/servicing
• Keep wind to your back
• Hand cupped over the device

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Sodium Cyanide
Toxic Effects
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Sodium Cyanide
Toxic Effects

• Three routes of intoxication
• Inhalation
• Ingestion
• Absorption
• Affects the cellular activities
• Prevents utilization of oxygen at the cellular
  level

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Sodium Cyanide
Toxic Effects

• Lethal Dose Inhalation or ingestion
• Unconscious in a few seconds
• Rapid breathing, slowing to low and gasping
• Convulsions may or may not occur
• Coma and death within minutes

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Sodium Cyanide
Toxic Effects

• Sub-lethal Dose Absorption
• Weakness
• Dizziness
• Confusion
• Headache
• Vomiting
• Coma
• Convulsions may or may not occur

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Sodium Cyanide
First Aid
Use of Antidote Kit
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Sodium Cyanide
First Aid
PROMPT TREATMENT IMPORTANT

• Administer the Amyl Nitrite antidote
• Each pearl 15 seconds - on/off
• 5 times (you will use five pearls)
• Remove any contaminated clothing
• Call physician immediately

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Sodium Cyanide
First Aid
PROMPT TREATMENT IMPORTANT

• If taken internally
• Administer Amyl Nitrite antidote kit
• Induce vomiting
• 1 tbs salt/cup water
• Syrup of ipecac

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Sodium Cyanide
First Aid
PROMPT TREATMENT IMPORTANT

• If in eyes
• Flush with water for 15 minutes
• Administer the Amyl Nitrite antidote if necessary
• Call physician immediately

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Sodium Cyanide
First Aid
PROMPT TREATMENT IMPORTANT

• Do not
• Give alcohol
• Use amyl nitrite near open flames
• Use snow on face
• Use eye wash unless prescribed by physician

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Handling and Storage
Capsules

• Store in a locked, marked box
• Do not store with human food or livestock feed
• Capsules are very susceptible to heat damage
• Store at room temperature or where the
  temperature stays fairly constant
• Capsules deteriorate faster with wide temperature
  fluctuations

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Handling and Storage
Capsules

• Store capsules in an airtight container with
  moisture absorbing desiccant
• Capsules sealed with petroleum hydrocarbon wax
• Keep capsules out of sunlight and away from heat

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Handling and Storage
Capsules

• Take only enough capsules that you will need that
  day
• Do not keep capsules in the glove box, floor
  board or where extreme temperatures occur
• The label on each capsule MUST REMAIN on the
  capsule

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Handling and Storage
Capsules

• New capsules, or capsules that have been in
  storage should be inspected for the following
  prior to using

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Handling and Storage
Capsules

• Caking

• Tip capsules back and forth
• Contents should be free flowing
• Test fire if necessary
• Sticking or clumping - contents is caking

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Handling and Storage
Capsules

• Overfull

• Capsules have air space of 1/10 inch
• Cyanide expands when exposed to water
• Overfull capsules likely exposed to moisture
• Will be partly caked

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Handling and Storage
Capsules

• Age

• Check the date of manufacture on box
• Purchase what you will use in 6 months
• Older capsules are more likely to be defective

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Handling and Storage
Capsules

• Flare or Swelling

• Caused by chemical reaction between wax sealant
  and plastic
• Reaction accelerated by heat
• Capsules should slide in easily into holder, if
  not the capsule may be flared and defective

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Handling and Storage
Ejectors

• Lubrication and Cleaning

• Ejectors need to be kept cleaned lubricated
• Suggested lubricants silicone spray, mineral
  oil, food machinery lubricants B glycerine is not
  recommended

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Handling and Storage
Ejectors

• Lubrication and Cleaning

• Cyanide is extremely corrosive
• Once fired, any cyanide should be removed with a
  wire brush and lubricated
• Current ejectors use a retaining pin to hold the
  spring in place B this can be removed for further
  cleaning and lubricating

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Handling and Storage
Ejectors

• Frequency of Servicing

• Set M-44s should be lubricated and reset at least
  once a month if they haven't been pulled
• You may also carefully test fire some to assure
  proper functioning

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Handling and Storage
Ejectors

• Trigger Pull Force

• New ejectors have a stronger pull force
• To reduce trigger pull
• Set the trigger at a right to the ejector
• Lubricate the trigger and plunger
• Dry fire the ejector against a wood scrap

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Handling and Storage
Stakes

• Driving Stakes

• Never hammer on the stake, use a driving rod
  inside the stake
• In hard soil, make a pilot hole first with the
  driving rod or a 3/4" bit brace

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Handling and Storage
Antidote Kits

• Check expiration date to assure you have a
  current kit
• Keep it on your person at all times while setting
  or servicing devices
• Do not leave it on the dashboard or where it is
  exposed to heat and light

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Handling and Storage
SAFETY FIRST! B Accidental Discharge

• Never put yourself in a position where the
  cyanide will hit you in the face or eyes
• Work upwind
• Do not kneel or stand over the device
• While servicing, place a plastic bag or thumb
  from a glove over the capsule holder to confine
  any cyanide

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Application of theM- 44
Selecting the Site
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Selecting the Site

• Plan your application strategy
• What type of set to make? Above ground or
  recessed
• Knowledge of the coyotes habits in the area
  increases success
• Coyotes tend to use the easiest most convenient
  route such as livestock trails.
• Set the device off to the side of the trail,
  never on it

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Selecting the Site

• Mark the pastures w/ required signs
• Use a lure made for the M-44
• Biting/chewing response
• Changing lures
• Use caution when setting, leave as little of your
  own odor as possible
• Draw stations bone piles help
• Be sure to follow the 26 use restrictions

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Additional Suggestions
M-44
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Additional Suggestions

• Keep prepared holders, ejectors stakes in
  separate containers
• Use one pair of gloves for setting M-44s, another
  pair for other ranch duties
• Limit leaving signs of your presence/odor
• Coyotes often visit M-44s, roll on it and return
  again before pulling
• If sign of visit is present, leave device alone

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Additional Suggestions

• If no target predator has visited the site for 30
  days and losses continue
• Relocate the M-44 to another site
• Change lures holders
• Recovery distance of the target predator varies
  dependent upon the quality of the capsule used
• Typical recovery is within eyesight of the device

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Additional Suggestions

• Dog training capsules available
• Use same lure(s) as those you are using in the
  field
• Removing devices
• To disarm, cover the holder with gloved hand
• PUSH DOWN and unscrew the holder from the ejector
• Remove device
• Remove stake and gate signs

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Purchasing Requirements
M-44
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Purchasing Requirements

• Order Form
• Record of Livestock Loss
• Must be documented prior to application of the
  device
• Delivery of Sodium Cyanide Hardware
• Sodium Cyanide can be surface mailed only

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Record Keeping Requirements
M-44
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Record Keeping

• South Dakota has a monthly reporting requirement
• No report necessary if no devices are in use
• Rule of thumb is Document everything

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Record Keeping

• Everything on the reporting form must be
  completed to meet EPA requirements
• Record of Livestock Loss must be completed
• Adjoining Landowner Permission Form (private
  applicators only)

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Record Keeping

• Usual and customary information
• Name, address, license number
• Records must include but not limited to
• Number of devices placed
• Location of each device
• Date of placement inspection
• Number discharged reason for discharge
• Species of animals taken
• Any accidents to humans/domestic animals
• In addition, the following needs to be documented

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Record Keeping

• In addition, document the following on the M-44
  report
• Size of treatment area
• Method of disposal
• Records must be kept by the applicator for a
  minimum of three years

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EPA Use Restrictions
M-44
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Use Restrictions

• 1. Use of the device shall conform to all
  applicable Federal, State, and local laws and
  regulations.

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Use Restrictions

• 2. Applicators shall be subject to such other
  regulations and restrictions as may be prescribed
  from time-to-time by the U.S. Environmental
  Protection Agency (EPA).

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Use Restrictions

• 3. Each applicator of the M-44 shall be trained
  in
• (1) safe handling of the capsules and device,
• (2) proper use of the antidote kit,
• (3) proper placement of the device, and
• (4) necessary record keeping.

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Use Restrictions

• 4. M-44 devices and sodium cyanide capsules
  shall not be sold or transferred to, or entrusted
  to the care of any person not supervised or
  monitored, by the South Dakota Department of
  Agriculture.

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Use Restrictions

• 5. The M-44 device shall
• only be used to take wild canids
• (1) suspected of preying on livestock and
  poultry,
• (2) suspected of preying on Federally designated
  threatened or endangered species, or
• (3) that are vectors of a communicable disease.

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Use Restrictions

• 6. The M-44 device shall not be used solely to
  take animals for the value of their fur.

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Use Restrictions

• 7. The M-44 device shall
• only be used on or within 7 miles of a ranch unit
  or allotment where losses due to predation by
  wild canids are occurring or where losses can be
  reasonably expected to occur based upon recurrent
  prior experience of predation on the ranch unit
  or allotment.

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Use Restrictions

• 7. (Continued) - Full
• documentation of livestock depredation, including
  evidence that such losses were caused by wild
  canids, will be required before applications of
  the M-44 are undertaken.
• This restriction is not applicable to
  government-run programs in which wild canids are
  controlled to protect Federally designated
  threatened or endangered species or are vectors
  of a communicable disease.

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Use Restrictions

• 8. The M-44 device shall not be used
• (1) In areas within national forests or other
  Federal lands set aside for recreational use,
• (2) areas where exposure to the public and family
  pets is probable,

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Use Restrictions

• 8. (Continued) -
• (3) in prairie dog towns, or,
• (4) except for the protection of federally
  designated threatened or endangered species, in
  National and State Parks National or State
  Monuments federally designated wilderness areas
  and wildlife refuge areas.

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Use Restrictions

• 9. The M-44 device shall
• not be used in areas where federally listed
  threatened or endangered animal species might be
  adversely affected. Each applicator shall be
  issued a map, prepared by or in consultation with
  the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, which clearly
  indicates such areas.

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Use Restrictions

• 10. One person other than the individual
  applicator shall have knowledge of the exact
  placement location of all M-44 devices in the
  field.

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Use Restrictions

• 11. In areas where more than one governmental
  agency is authorized to place M-44 devices, the
  agencies shall exchange placement information and
  other relevant facts to ensure that the maximum
  number of M-44s allowed is not exceeded.

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Use Restrictions

• 12. The M-44 device shall not be placed within
  200 feet of any lake, stream, or other body of
  water, provided that natural depression areas
  which catch and hold rainfall only for short
  periods of time shall not be considered "bodies
  of water" for purposes of this restriction.

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Use Restrictions

• 13. The M-44 device shall not be placed in areas
  where food crops are planted.

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Use Restrictions

• 14. The M-44 device shall be placed at least at
  a 50-foot distance or at such a greater distance
  from any public road or pathway as may be
  necessary to remove it from the sight of persons
  and domestic animals using any such public road
  or pathway.

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Use Restrictions

• 15. The maximum density of M-44s placed in any
  100 acre pastureland areas shall not exceed ten
  (10) and the density in any one (1) square mile
  of open range shall not exceed twelve (12).

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Use Restrictions

• 16. No M-44 device shall be placed within 30
  feet of a livestock carcass used as a draw
  station. No more than four M-44 devices shall be
  placed per draw station, and no more than five
  draw stations shall be operated per square mile.

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Use Restrictions

• 17. Supervisors of applicators shall check the
  records, warning signs, and M-44 devices of each
  applicator at least once a year to verify that
  all applicable laws, regulations, and
  restrictions are being strictly followed.

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Use Restrictions

• 18. Each M-44 device shall be inspected by the
  applicator at least once every week, weather
  permitting access, to check for interference or
  unusual conditions and shall be serviced as
  required.

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Use Restrictions

• 19. Damaged or nonfunctional M-44 devices shall
  be removed from the field.

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Use Restrictions

• 20. An M-44 device shall be removed from an area
  if, after 30 days, there is no sign that a target
  predator has visited the site.

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Use Restrictions

• 21. All persons authorized to possess and use
  sodium cyanide capsules and M-44 devices shall
  store such capsules and devices under lock and
  key.

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Use Restrictions

• 22. Used sodium cyanide
• capsules shall be disposed of by deep burial, or
  at a proper landfill site. Incineration may be
  used instead of burial for disposal. Place the
  capsules in an incinerator or refuse hole and
  burn until the capsules are completely consumed.
  Capsules may be incinerated using either wood or
  diesel fuel.

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Use Restrictions

• 23. Bilingual warning signs in English and
  Spanish shall be used in all areas containing
  M-44 devices. All such signs shall be removed
  when M-44 devices are removed.

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Use Restrictions

• 23. (Continued) - (a). Main
• entrances or commonly used access points to areas
  in which M-44 devices are set shall be posted
  with warning signs to alert the public to the
  toxic nature of the cyanide and to the danger to
  pets. Signs shall be inspected weekly to ensure
  their continued presence and ensure that they are
  conspicuous and legible.

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Use Restrictions

• 23. (Continued) - (b). An elevated sign shall
  be placed within 25 feet of each individual M-44
  device warning persons not to handle the device.
  

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Use Restrictions

• 24. Each authorized or licensed applicator shall
  carry an antidote kit on his person when placing
  and/or inspecting M-44 devices. The kit shall
  contain at least six pearls of amyl nitrite and
  instructions on their use.

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Use Restrictions

• 24. (Continued) - Each authorized or licensed
  applicator shall also carry on his person
  instructions for obtaining medical assistance in
  the event of accidental exposure to sodium
  cyanide.

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Use Restrictions

• 25. In areas where the use of the M-44 device is
  anticipated, local medical people shall be
  notified of the intended use. The notification
  may be through a poison control center, local
  medical society, the Public Health Service, or
  directly to a doctor or hospital.

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Use Restrictions

• 25. (Continued) - They shall be advised of the
  antidotal and first-aid measures required for the
  treatment of cyanide poisoning. It shall be the
  responsibility of the supervisor to perform this
  function.

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Use Restrictions

• 26. Each authorized M-44 applicator shall keep
  records dealing with the placement of the device
  and the results of each placement. Such records
  shall include, but need not be limited to

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Use Restrictions

• 26. (Continued) -
• The number of devices placed.
• The location of each device placed.
• The date of each placement, as well as the date
  of each inspection.

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Use Restrictions

• 26. (Continued) -
• The number and location of devices which have
  been discharged and the apparent reason for each
  discharge.
• Species of animals taken.
• All accidents or injuries to humans or domestic
  animals.