Project quality management (PMI body of knowledge)

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Project quality management(PMI body of
knowledge)
King Fahd University Of Petroleum
Minerals Construction Engineering
Management KFUPM
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Introduction

• Project quality management includes the process
  required to ensure that the project satisfies the
  needs for which it is undertaken.
• PQM includes all the activities of the overall
  management function that determine the quality
  policy, objectives, and responsibilities and
  implement them within the quality system.

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Means of Implementation of PQM

• QUALITY PLANING
• QUALITY ASSURANCE
• QUALITY CONTROL
• These processes interact with each other as well
  as with the processes of other knowledge areas
• Each process involves an effort of one or more
  individual or group of individuals based on the
  need of the project.
• Each process occurs at least once in every
  project phase during the project life cycle.

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Definition

• Q. What is Quality Planning ?
• A. Quality Planning is identifying which quality
  standards are relevant to the project and
  determining how to satisfy them

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Definition

• Q. What is Quality Assurance
• A. Quality assurance is evaluating the overall
  project performance on a regular basis to provide
  a confidence that the project will satisfy the
  relevant quality standards.

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Definition

• Q. What is Quality Control
• A. Quality Control is the monitoring of specific
  project results to determine if they comply with
  the relevant quality standards and identifying
  ways to eliminate causes of unsatisfactory
  performance.

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• 1- INPUTS
• -work results
• -quality management plan
• Operational definitions
• checklists
• 2- TOOLS AND TECH.
• inspection
• Control charts
• Pareto diagrams
• Statistical sampling
• flowcharting
• Trend analysis
• 3- OUTPUTS
• Quality improvement
• Acceptance decisions
• rework
• Completed checklist
• Process adjustment

• 1- INPUTS
• -Quality policy
• -Scope statement
• Product description
• Standards and regulations
• Other process outputs
• 2- TOOLS AND TECH.
• benefit/ cost analysis
• Benchmarking
• Flowcharting
• Design of experiments
• 3- OUTPUTS
• Quality management plan
• Operational definitions
• checklists
• Inputs to other processes

• 1- INPUTS
• -Quality management plan
• -result of quality control measurements
• Operational definitions
• 2- TOOLS AND TECH.
• Quality planning tools and techniques
• Quality audits
• 3- OUTPUTS
• Quality improvement

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PQM Approach compatibility

• compatible with ISO 9000 and 1000 series of
  standard guidelines
• Proprietary approaches to quality as recommended
  by Deming, Juran, and Crosby, and others.
• Nonproprietary approaches such as TQM, Continuous
  improvement approaches and others.

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Nature of PQM

• Project quality management must address both the
  management of the project and the product of the
  project.
• Failure to meet quality requirements in either
  dimension can have serious and negative
  consequences for any or all of the project
  stakeholders

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Examples of negative consequences

• Meeting the customer requirement by over working
  the project team may lead to negative consequence
  in employee turnover
• Meeting project schedules by rushing planned
  quality inspections may produce negative
  consequences when errors go undetected.

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Common understanding

• Quality management should complement modern
  project management as they both recognize the
  importance of
• 1- Customer satisfaction
• 2- Prevention over inspection
• 3- Management responsibility
• 4- Processes within phases
• (plan do check act cycle)

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QUALITY PLANNING

• In detail

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Quality planning

• Quality Planning involves identifying with
  quality standards
• It is a key facilitating process during the
  Project planning Process
• In modern quality management quality is planned
  in and not inspected in
• Prior to the development of ISO 9000 series,
  quality planning concepts were widely discussed
  as part of quality assurance.

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Quality Planning Flowchart
INPUTS
1-Quality policy 2- Scope statement 3- Product description 4- Standards and regulations 5- Other process outputs
TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES
1- Benefit/ cost analysis 2- Benchmarking 3- flowcharting 4- Design of experiments
OUTPUTS
1-Quality Management plan 2- operational definitions 3- checklists 4-inputs to other processes
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Quality Planning Inputs

• Quality policy
• the over all intentions and direction of an
  organization with regard to quality, as formally
  expressed by the top management
• In the case of a joint venture, a quality policy
  for the individual project should be developed
• The management team is responsible for
  dissipating the quality policy to all project
  stakeholders through appropriate information
  distribution channels

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Quality Planning Inputs

• Scope Statement
• The scope statement is a key input to quality
  planning because it documents major project
  deliverables as well as project objectives which
  serve to define important stakeholder
  requirements

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Quality Planning Inputs

• Product description
• Although the elements of the product description
  may be embodied in the scope statement, the
  product description often contains details of
  technical issues and other concerns that may
  affect quality planning

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Quality Planning Inputs

• Standards and Regulations
• The project management team any
  application-area-specific standards or
  regulations that may affect the project

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Quality Planning Inputs

• Other Process Outputs
• In addition to the scope statement and product
  description, processes in other knowledge areas
  may produce outputs that should be considered as
  part of the quality planning
• Example procurement planning outputs may
  identify contractor quality requirements that
  should be reflected in the overall Quality
  Management Plan

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Tools and Techniques for Quality Planning

• Benefit / cost analysis
• The planning process must consider benefit/cost
  tradeoffs
• The Primary Benefit Is less work, higher
  productivity, lower costs, and increased
  stakeholder satisfaction
• The Primary Cost Is the expanses associated with
  PQM activities
• Note it is elementary that the benefit should
  outweigh the cost

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Tools and Techniques for Quality Planning

• Benchmarking
• Benchmarking involves comparing actual or planned
  project practices to those of other projects to
  generate ideas to
• 1- Generate ideas for improvement
• 2- provide a standard for measurement of
  performance
• Note other projects compared may be within the
  same organization or out side and may be within
  the same application area or in another

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Tools and Techniques for Quality Planning

• Flow charting
• The flowcharting techniques in quality management
  generally include
• cause and effect diagram
• System or process flow charts
• Flowcharting can help in anticipating probable
  quality problems and thus helps to develop
  approaches for dealing with them

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Tools and Techniques for Quality Planning

• Design of Experiments
• This is an analytical technique which aims to
  define variables that have most influence on the
  overall outcome
• This technique is commonly applicable to the
  product of the project issues.
• However this technique can also be used in
  project management issues such as cost and
  schedule tradeoffs to allow for optima solutions.

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Outputs from Quality Planning

• Quality Management Plan
• The quality management plan should describe how a
  project management team will implement its
  quality policy
• Also called Quality System, (in ISO terminology),
  the plan should define
• The organizational structure
• Roles and responsibilities
• Resources needed for implementation of quality
  management
  
  
  
  
  
  
  

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Outputs from Quality Planning

• Quality Management Plan (continued)
• The Quality Plan should address
• Quality Control of the project
• Quality Assurance
• Quality Improvement of the project
• Note the project quality plan can be highly
  detailed or broadly framed based on the needs of
  the project

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Outputs from Quality Planning

• Operational Definitions
• An operational definition describes what
  something is and how it is measured by the
  quality control process. For example
• the project management team must indicate the
  start and end of every activity in a detailed
  schedule
• Weather the whole activity or certain
  deliverables are to be measured
• Operational definitions are also called Metrics
  in some areas of application
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  

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Outputs from Quality Planning

• Checklists
• A checklist is a structured tool used to verify
  that a set of required steps or requirements have
  been performed.
• Many organizations have standard checklists to
  ensure consistency of frequently performed
  activities

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Outputs from Quality Planning

• Inputs To Other Processes
• The quality planning process may identify need
  for further activity in another area

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QUALITY ASSURANCE

• In detail

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Quality Assurance

• Quality assurance encompasses all the planned and
  systematic activity implemented in a quality
  system to provide confidence that the project
  will satisfy the relevant quality standards
• Quality assurance is provided by a Quality
  Assurance dept.
• Quality assurance can be INERNAL ( from the
  project management team to the performing
  organization)
• Quality assurance can be EXTERNAL (provided to
  the customer and other parties actively involved
  in the work of the project

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Quality Assurance Flowchart
INPUTS
1-Quality management plan 2- Results of quality control measurements 3- Operational definitions
TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES
1- Quality planning tools and techniques 2- Quality audits
OUTPUTS
1-Quality improvement
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Inputs To Quality Assurance

• Quality management plan as previously described
• Results of quality control measurements which are
  records of quality control testing and
  measurement in a format of comparison or analysis
• Operational definitions as previously described
  in the output of the Quality Planning

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Tools and Techniques For Quality Assurance

• Quality Planning tools and techniques , which can
  be used for quality assurance as well
• Quality Audits which are a structured review of
  other quality management activities
• they may be timely or carried out randomly
• They may be carried out by properly trained
  Internal-auditors or by third parties such as
  quality systems registration agencies

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Outputs From Quality Assurance

• Quality Improvement
• Quality improvement includes taking action to
  increase the effectiveness and efficiency of the
  project to be provide added benefits to the
  stakeholders of that project .
• In many cases the implementation of quality
  improvements will require preparation of change
  requests or taking corrective actions and will be
  handled according to procedure for overall change
  control

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QUALITY CONTROL

• In detail

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Quality Control

• Quality control involves monitoring specific
  project results to determine if they comply with
  relevant standards and identifying ways to
  eliminate causes of unsatisfactory results.
• Project results mentioned include both PRODUCT
  results such as deliverables and MANAGEMENT
  results such as cost and schedule performance
• Quality control is often performed by a quality
  control department
• The project management team should have a working
  knowledge of statistical quality control
  especially sampling and probability to help
  evaluate and control outputs.

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Quality Control

• The project management should be aware of the
  following among other subjects
• prevention ( keeping errors out of the process)
• Inspection (keeping errors out of the customers
  hand
• Attribute sampling (for conformity of results)
• Variable sampling (where the results are rated on
  a continuous scale that measures the degree of
  conformity or non conformity
• Special cause ( unusual events)
• Random causes ( normal process variations)
• Tolerances ( where results should fall with in a
  defined tolerance range
• Control limits ( the process is in control if it
  falls within these defined limits)

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Quality Control Flowchart
INPUTS
1-Work results 2- Quality management plan 3- Operational definitions 4- Checklists
TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES
1- Inspection 2- Control charts 3- Pareto diagram 4- Statistical sampling 5- Flowcharting 6-Trend analysis
OUTPUTS
1-Quality improvement 2- Acceptance decisions 3- Rework 4-Process adjustments
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Inputs To Quality Control

• Work results including both product results and
  process results
• The quality management plan
• Operational definitions
• Checklists

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Tools and Techniques for Quality Control

• Inspection
• Inspection includes activities such as measuring,
  examining and testing undertaken to determine
  whether results conform to requirements
• Inspection can be carried out on the level of a
  single activity or a final product
• Inspections can be called reviews, product
  reviews, audits, and walk-throughs

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Tools and Techniques for Quality Control

• Control Charts
• These charts are graphical representations that
  display the result of a process over time and are
  used to determine if the process is in control
• When in control the process should not be
  adjusted , however it may be changed in order to
  provide improvements
• Control charts may be used ot monitor any type of
  output variable
• Control charts are most often used to monitor
  repetitive activity in production but can also be
  used to monitor cost and schedule variances

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Tools and Techniques for Quality Control

• Pareto Diagram
• A Pareto diagram is a histogram ordered by
  frequency of occurrence which shows how many
  results were generated by what category or
  identified cause
• The project management team should take action
  to fix the problems that are causing the greatest
  number of defects first
• Typically the Pareto diagram reflects that a
  relatively small number of causes are responsible
  for the majority of the problems or defects.

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Tools and Techniques for Quality Control

• Statistical Sampling
• Statistical sampling involves choosing a part of
  a population of interest for inspection
• Appropriate sampling can effectively reduce the
  cost of quality control
• There is a vast body of knowledge related to
  statistical sampling and therefore the management
  must be aware of the various sampling techniques

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Tools and Techniques for Quality Control

• Flowcharting
• Flowcharting is used in quality control to help
  analyze how a problem occurs

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Tools and Techniques for Quality Control

• Trend Analysis
• The trend analysis involves the use of
  mathematical techniques to forecast future
  outcomes based on historical results it is often
  used to monitor
• - Technical performance how many defects have
  been identified and how many remain uncorrected
• - Cost and schedule performance how many
  activities in a certain period were completed
  with significant variances

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Outputs for Quality Control

• Quality improvement ( previously described)
• Acceptance decisions, where the inspected items
  will either be accepted or rejected and those
  rejected may be reworked
• Rework, which is an action taken to bring defects
  or nonconforming items into compliance with
  requirements and specifications. Rework is a
  frequent cause of project over-runs and the
  project management team must make an effort to
  minimize it .

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Outputs for Quality Control

• Completed Checklists, which become a part of a
  project record when they are used
• Process Adjustments, which involves immediate
  corrective or preventive action as a result of
  quality control measurements. In some cases the
  adjustment may need to be handled according to
  procedures for overall change control.

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Conclusion

• In conclusion we find that in order to achieve
  PQM or Project Quality Management , one has to
  integrate the concepts of Project management
  with the processes of quality management at the
  project scale and throughout its different
  phases.
• for effective PQM it is essential that the
  project management team be aware of the concepts
  of quality management to be able to make use of
  the described processes and implement them to
  achieve the required end product

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Thank you !!!