www'darwincountry'org

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Unveiling of the Charles Darwin Statue outside
the Museum and Library in 1897. The building was
the original Shrewsbury School building at which
Charles Darwin was a pupil.
www.darwincountry.org
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The Origin of Species and the evolution of the
revolution in taxonomy and systematics
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Michael Russell Villanova University
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Outline

• Phylogenetic Context of Diversity
• Linnean Hierarchical System (1700s)
• Descent with modification
• Cladistics meets taxonomy
• Phylocode - new the new taxonomy?

www.utexas.edu
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Biodiversity in a Phylogenetic Context

• Two basic patterns of evolutionary change can be
  distinguished
• Anagenesis
• Cladogenesis

From Campbell Reece BiologyI 7th Edition
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Phyologeny

• A valid clade is monophyletic
• Signifying that it consists of the ancestor
  species and all its descendants

From Campbell Reece BiologyI 7th Edition
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Carl Linnaeus

• 1707 1787
• Swedish naturalist
• Religion / Science
• Classification

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Linnean Hierarchical Taxonomic System
Based on mutually exclusive nested sets
Canis lupus
Fig 1.10
From Campbell Reece BiologyI 7th Edition
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Carl Linnaeus

• 1707 1787
• Swedish naturalist
• Religion / Science
• Classification

• Sexual system for plant classification
• Described gt 11,000 species

God created but Linneaus classified.
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Linnean Society, London
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Linnean Society, London
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Linnean Society, London
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Linnean Society, London
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Linnean Society, London
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Linnean Society, London
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Linnean Society, London
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Linnean Society, London
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Description of species

• Started with Systemae Naturae
• Published (peer-reviewed journal) report
• Type specimen, deposited in a museum

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Descent with modification
Erasmus Darwin (Charles Darwin's Grandfather)
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Alfred Russell Wallace
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Descent with modification
Natural Selection

• Intraspecific variation
• Heritable
• Differential survival and/or reproduction

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Down House Borough of Bromley SE of London
. . . . I can remember the very spot in the
road, whilst in my carriage, when to my joy the
solution occurred to me. Autobiography
Google Earth
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Down House
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Down House
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The Sand Walk
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The Sand Walk
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Green House and Laboratory
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Drawing room
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The study
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Notebooks
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Transmutation notebook
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Museum of Natural History, London
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Origin of Species manuscript pages
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Origin of Species manuscript pages
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Origin of Species manuscript pages
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. . . sketch of his species theory . . .it
will be a considerable step in science.
Personal letter to Emma
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• Linnean System in effect before idea of descent
  with modification

. . . . the natural system is founded on
descent with modification . . . characters
showing true affinity . . . are those which have
been inherited from a common ancestor, and, in
so far, all true classification is genealogical
that community of descent is the hidden bond
which naturalists have been unconsciously
seeking, and not some unknown plan of creation .
. . On the Origin of Species - 1859
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Outline

• Phylogenetic Context of Diversity
• Linnean Hierarchical System (1700s)
• Descent with modification
• Cladistics meets taxonomy
• Phylocode - new the new taxonomy?

www.utexas.edu
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• Linnean System in effect before idea of descent
  with modification

On the Origin of Species - 1859
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Linnean Hierarchical Taxonomic System
Based on mutually exclusive nested sets
Canis lupus
Fig 1.10
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• Linnean System in effect before idea of descent
  with modification

On the Origin of Species - 1859
Taxonomy given phylogenetic interpretation
Cladistics and Phenetics Wars of the 20th Century
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Phyologeny

• A valid clade is monophyletic
• Signifying that it consists of the ancestor
  species and all its descendants

From Campbell Reece BiologyI 7th Edition
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New PhyloCode
Traditional Linnean
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New PhyloCode
Traditional Linnean
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Historical Overview
1700s Linnean Hierarchical System
1800s Process descent with modification
1900s Taxonomy meets Systematics
2000s ? Possibly working out genealogy
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