SOCIAL THEORIES

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OUTCOMES

• STANDARDIZED SCALES LIKE CES-D
• ADD UP SYMPTOMS
• CONTINUOUS FROM MILD TO SEVERE
• INDICATOR OF DISTRESS
• GENERAL NOT DIAGNOSTIC

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CURRENT SOCIAL THEORY

• LEONARD PEARLIN THE STRESS PROCESS
• DIFFERENCES WITH SRRS

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1. STRESSORS (CAUSES)

• 1. EMPHASIZES POSITION IN SOCIAL STRUCTURES -
  SOCIAL CLASS, ETHNIC, GENDER
  
• 2. EMPHASIZES SOCIAL ROLES - OVERLOAD,
  CONFLICT, CAPTIVITY
  
• 3. CONNECTION OF STRESSORS - STRESS
  PROLIFERATION (PRIMARY AND SECONDARY STRESSORS)
  

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TYPES OF STRESSORS

• 1. SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS
• LOSS OF ATTACHMENTS - DEATH, DIVORCE, ROMANTIC
  BREAKUPS
  
• 2. SUBORDINATE SOCIAL STATUS
• WORK ROLES, GENDER ROLES, LOW SOCIAL CLASS
• 3. FAILURE TO ACHIEVE SOCIAL GOALS
• REJECTION, FAILURE TO ACHIEVE

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NEW CATEGORIES OF STRESSORS (WHEATON)

• 1. CHRONIC STRESSORS
• 2. LIFETIME TRAUMAS
• 3. DAILY HASSLES
• 4. DISASTERS

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DIMENSIONS OF STRESSFUL LIFE EVENTS

• UNEXPECTABLE VS. EXPECTABLE
• POSITIVE VS. NEGATIVE PREEXISTING CONTEXT OF
  EVENT
  
• NEGATIVE POST-EVENT CONTEXT
• SECONDARY STRESSORS

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STRESS PROCESS

• 1. EVENTS NOT ISOLATED BUT EMBEDDED IN SOCIAL
  POSITIONS
  
• 2. EVENTS NOT ISOLATED BUT INTERCONNECTED
• 3. MORE DIVERSE CATEGORIES OF EVENTS
• 4. IMPORTANCE OF MEDIATORS

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THREE ELEMENTS OF STRESS PROCESS
STRESSORS
MEDIATORS
OUTCOME
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MEDIATORS

• WHY SOME PEOPLE WITH MANY STRESSORS HAVE LOW
  DISTRESS
  
• WHY SOME PEOPLE WITH FEW STRESSORS HAVE HIGH
  DISTRESS
  
• MAKE PEOPLE MORE OR LESS VULNERABLE OR RESILIENT
  TO THE STRESSORS THEY FACE

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MEDIATORS (TURNER)

• SOCIAL RESOURCES
• 1. SUPPORT - SENSE OF BEING CARED FOR, BELONGING,
  WANTED
  
• ONE INTIMATE
• STRONG FAMILY TIES, RELIGION
• 2. MATERIAL SUPPORT

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SOCIAL COMPARISON

• STRESSFULNESS DEPENDS ON REFERENCE GROUP
• INCOME
• QUADRIPLEGICS
• DOWNWARD COMPARISONS BETTER THAN UPWARD
  COMPARISONS
  

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CONTROL

• ACTIVE COPING BETTER THAN PASSIVE COPING (MASTERY
  VS. FATALISM)
  

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TREATMENT

• ONLY THEORY WITH NO DIRECT TREATMENT ASPECT
• CHANGE ENVIRONMENT - FRESH STARTS
• MUCH DISTRESS TRANSIENT (9-11)
• IMPORTANCE OF INFORMAL SUPPORT

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CRITICISMS OF SOCIAL

• IGNORES HOW MENTAL SYMPTOMS ARE DEEPLY ROOTED IN
  INDIVIDUALS NOT SITUATIONS
  
• NOT GOOD FOR EXPLAINING MOST SERIOUS TYPES OF
  MENTAL ILLNESS
  
• UNSPECIFIC TREATMENT COMPONENT

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STRENGTHS

• BETTER AT EXPLAINING DISTRESS THAN PARTICULAR
  MENTAL ILLNESSES
  
• BETTER AT LOOKING AT GROUP, RATHER THAN AT
  INDIVIDUAL, DIFFERENCES
  
• EMPHASIS ON EXTERNAL AND CURRENT CAUSES OF
  DISTRESS