Intelligence and Intelligence Quotient IQ

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Intelligence and Intelligence Quotient (IQ)

• Tina Wei
• MY AS 8- Block B

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What is intelligence?

• Intelligence is usually a term that refers to the
  ability of reasoning, problem solving, thinking,
  learning and understanding new materials.
  
• People differ in the speed with which they learn
  things, how well and how long they remember
  ideas, their ability to understand ideas, and
  using their knowledge to solve problems. This is
  all due to their intelligence.

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The simplest definition proposed is that...

• Intelligence is whatever intelligence tests
  measure

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• A persons intelligence depends on heredity and
  environment. Humans are born with a certain
  mental capacity that influences how intelligent
  he/she will be when they are fully-grown. The
  full development of this capacity is influenced
  by the persons background. Severely
  undernourished infants are more likely to be
  unable to develop their natural abilities.
  Children who are mistreated by their families may
  become so depressed that their intellectual
  talents remain underdeveloped. Many children who
  face different treatments because of their
  appearance and nationality also fail to develop
  their capacities to the fullest extent possible.

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What is the Intelligence Quotient (IQ)?
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A Quick and Simplified History of IQ tests

• British scientist Sir Francis Galton (18221911),
  the first to investigate individual differences
  in mental ability, began his research in the late
  19th century.
• His work helped develop concepts and techniques
  that are still in use today. He was also the very
  first to think of the idea that intelligence can
  be quantitatively measured.

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In the 1890s, an American psychologist James
McKeen Cattell (18601944), who worked with
Galton in England, developed fifty tests that
attempted to measure basic mental ability.

• In1905, French psychologist Alfred
  Binet(18571911) and his colleague Theodore Simon
  developed the very first accurate intelligence
  test that predicted academic success.
• During the process of developing this test, they
  noted which items were successfully completed by
  half of the seven-year-olds, half of
  eight-year-olds, and so on. Through these
  observations, they were able to create the
  concept of mental age.

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Mental age?

• Yes, for example
• If a 12-year-old child succeeded on items
  appropriate for 12-year-olds but could not pass
  questions appropriate for 13-year-olds, that
  child was said to have a mental age of 12.
• if a 7-year-old child succeeded on items intended
  for 10-year-olds, then that child was said to
  have a mental age of 10.
  

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• To test how effectively the test was, Binet asked
  teachers to rate students from the best to the
  worst.
  
• The results showed that students who had been
  rated higher by their teacher also scored higher
  on the test.
  
• So, that was how Binets test finally succeeded
  in predicting how students would perform in
  school.

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• Lewis Madison Terman (1877-1956), an American
  psychologist,
  
• revised Binets test in 1916, and called it the
  Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale.
  
• Instead of using mental age, Terman converted
  each ones performance into a single score, which
  he called the intelligence quotient, or IQ.

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IQ

• In 1912, German psychologist, William
  Stern(18711938) first suggested the idea of an
  intelligence quotient.
  
• To calculate IQ, Stern divided the mental age by
  the actual, chronological age of the person
  taking the test and multiplied it by 100 to get
  rid of the decimal point.
• For example, if a 6-year-old girl scored a mental
  age of 9, she would be assigned an IQ of 150 (96
  x 100).
  
• If a 12-year-old boy scored a mental age of 6, he
  would be given an IQ of 50 (612 x100).

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A Rough Guide of What IQ Represents

• 115-124 - Above average (e.g., university
  students)
  
• 125-134 - Gifted (e.g., post-graduate students)
• 135-144 - Highly gifted (e.g., intellectuals)
• 145-154 - Genius (e.g., professors)
• 155-164 - Genius (e.g., Nobel Prize winners)
• 165-179 - High genius
• 180-200 - Highest genius
• 200 - "Unmeasurable genius"

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Notes Bibliography

• Detterman, Douglas. Intelligence. Microsoft
  Encarta Reference Library
  
• 2004. CD-ROM. Redmond WA Microsoft
  Corporation.
  
• January 21, 2005.
• Horowitz, Leonard. Intelligence. World Book.
  1991 ed.
  
• The Intelligence Quotient (IQ). Psychologie
  Online. Aug. 15, 2004.
  
• January 26, 2005. -iq.htm
  
• Neill, James. Understanding IQ (Intelligence
  Quotient) IQ Testing.
  
• Wilderdom. June 21, 2004. January 26, 2005.
  
  
• ndingIQ.html
  

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Pictures Citation

• Sir Francis Galton
• http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Galton
• James McKeen Cattell
• http//www.psychology.ru/whoswho/James_Cattell.stm
  
  
• Alfred Binet
• http//vlp.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/people/data?idper3
  09
  
• Lewis Madison Terman
• http//www.aceviper.net/aceviper_net/ace_intellige
  nce/aceviper_detailed_history_of_the_iq_test/acevi
  per_long_detailed_history_of_the_iq_test.html

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I hope you now have a better understanding on
Intelligence and IQ

• Thank you for listening!