Intelligence

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Intelligence

• Chapter 9

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What is intelligence?
Where does it come from?
How can it be measured?
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What is Intelligence?

• Some definitions
• Binet defined intelligence as an individuals
  capacity to
• Find and maintain a definite direction or purpose
• Adjust strategy as necessary to achieve that
  purpose
• Evaluate or criticize that strategy so
  adjustments could be made
• Wechsler
• The aggregate or global capacity of an individual
  to act purposefully, think rationally, and deal
  effectively with the environment
• Kaplan and Saccuzzo
• General potential independent of prior learning

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Spearmans Theory of General Mental Ability
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Cattel Horns Theory of Intelligence
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Fluid Abilities
Crystallized Abilities
Verbal Reasoning
Quantitative Reasoning
Abstract Visual Reasoning
Vocabulary test Comprehension test Absurdities
test Verbal relations test
Quantitative test Number series test Equation
building test
Pattern analysis test Copying test Matrices
test Paper folding cutting test
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Sternbergs Triarchic Theory
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Gardners Multiple Intelligences

• Logical-mathematical
• Linguistic
• Musical
• Spatial
• Bodily-kinesthetic
• Interpersonal
• Intrapersonal
• Naturalist

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History of Intelligence Testing

• First intelligence tests were devised by Francis
  Galton
• In 1905, Binet developed test to measure childs
  mental age
• Lewis Terman revised the Binet scale to produce
  the Stanford-Binet (introduced IQ)
• Weschler (1939) published improved measure for
  adults (introduced deviation IQ)

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Intelligence Testing Today

• Intelligence tests contain diverse mix of
  questions assessing abstract reasoning
• Use modern deviation IQ scores normed for age
• Typically M100 SD15
• IQ scores vary across testings but intelligence
  tests have high reliability
• Intelligence tests have demonstrated limited
  validity
• IQ tests are not widely used in non-Western
  cultures

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Where Does Intelligence Come From?

• Nature (Hereditary)
• Twin studies
• Adopted children
• Heritability ratios

• Nurture (Environment)
• Adoption studies
• Environmental deprivation
• Environmental enrichment
• Generational increases

• Interaction Model
• Intelligence influence by both factors
• Heredity and environment also interact
• Reaction range model

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Cultural Differences in IQ Scores

• Average IQ scores for large minorities is
  somewhat lower than the average for whites
• Jensen and others argue these differences result
  from heredity
• Kamins rebuttal
• Socioeconomic disadvantage
• Cultural test bias
• Mercer (1975) IQ argued tests measure ability and
  assimilation into mainstream culture
• Not much empirical evidence that this is a problem

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