CHAPIN HALL www'chapinhall'org

1
Using Youth Development Concepts to Build a
Better Juvenile Justice System Jeffrey A.
Butts, Ph.D.Chapin Hall at the University of
ChicagoAugust 6, 2008 Presented to
2008 Family Meeting Quest Conference
Center Columbus, Ohio
2
Three Messages Today
1. Juvenile crime is the wrong target.
The bigger issue is youth crime.
2. Youth crime is NOT a mental health
disorder reducing youth crime requires
more than mental health services.
3. The growing field of positive youth
development could become an important part
of future youth crime programs.
3
1. Juvenile Crime is the Wrong Target
4
Index Offenses
Tracking Changes in Crime
Violent Index Murder Forcible Rape Aggravated
Assault Robbery
Property Index Burglary Larceny-Theft Motor
Vehicle Theft Arson
Other Offenses
Weapon Offenses
Drug Offenses
5
Total Arrests Per Year
14.4 Million Arrests
15.4
Under Age 18
29
Ages 18 to 24
55.6
Ages 25 and Older
Source University of Chicago calculations of
national arrest estimates using data from Crime
in the United States, 2006. Washington, DC
Federal Bureau of Investigation (see
http//www.fbi.gov/ucr/ucr.htm).
6
Violent Arrests Per Year
Under Age 18
Ages 18 to 24
Ages 25 and Older
Source University of Chicago calculations of
national arrest estimates using data from Crime
in the United States, 2006. Washington, DC
Federal Bureau of Investigation (see
http//www.fbi.gov/ucr/ucr.htm).
7
National Trends 1976-2006
Source University of Chicago calculations of
national arrest estimates using data from Crime
in the United States, 1976 through 2006.
Washington, DC Federal Bureau of Investigation
(see http//www.fbi.gov/ucr/ucr.htm).
8
National Trends 1976-2006
Up 8 since 2002, still 33 lower than 1994.
Source University of Chicago calculations of
national arrest estimates using data from Crime
in the United States, 1976 through 2006.
Washington, DC Federal Bureau of Investigation
(see http//www.fbi.gov/ucr/ucr.htm).
9
National Trends 1976-2006
Source University of Chicago calculations of
national arrest estimates using data from Crime
in the United States, 1976 through 2006.
Washington, DC Federal Bureau of Investigation
(see http//www.fbi.gov/ucr/ucr.htm).
10
National Trends 1976-2006
Source University of Chicago calculations of
national arrest estimates using data from Crime
in the United States, 1976 through 2006.
Washington, DC Federal Bureau of Investigation
(see http//www.fbi.gov/ucr/ucr.htm).
11
National Trends 1976-2006
Source University of Chicago calculations of
national arrest estimates using data from Crime
in the United States, 1976 through 2006.
Washington, DC Federal Bureau of Investigation
(see http//www.fbi.gov/ucr/ucr.htm).
12
National Trends 1976-2006
Source University of Chicago calculations of
national arrest estimates using data from Crime
in the United States, 1976 through 2006.
Washington, DC Federal Bureau of Investigation
(see http//www.fbi.gov/ucr/ucr.htm).
13
National Trends 1976-2006
Source University of Chicago calculations of
national arrest estimates using data from Crime
in the United States, 1976 through 2006.
Washington, DC Federal Bureau of Investigation
(see http//www.fbi.gov/ucr/ucr.htm).
14
National Trends 1976-2006
Up 34 since 2002
Source University of Chicago calculations of
national arrest estimates using data from Crime
in the United States, 1976 through 2006.
Washington, DC Federal Bureau of Investigation
(see http//www.fbi.gov/ucr/ucr.htm).
15
National Trends 1976-2006
Source University of Chicago calculations of
national arrest estimates using data from Crime
in the United States, 1976 through 2006.
Washington, DC Federal Bureau of Investigation
(see http//www.fbi.gov/ucr/ucr.htm).
16
National Trends 1976-2006
Source University of Chicago calculations of
national arrest estimates using data from Crime
in the United States, 1976 through 2006.
Washington, DC Federal Bureau of Investigation
(see http//www.fbi.gov/ucr/ucr.htm).
17
National Trends 1976-2006
Source University of Chicago calculations of
national arrest estimates using data from Crime
in the United States, 1976 through 2006.
Washington, DC Federal Bureau of Investigation
(see http//www.fbi.gov/ucr/ucr.htm).
18
Other (Non-Index) Offenses
19
National Trends 1976-2006
Source University of Chicago calculations of
national arrest estimates using data from Crime
in the United States, 1976 through 2006.
Washington, DC Federal Bureau of Investigation
(see http//www.fbi.gov/ucr/ucr.htm).
20
National Trends 1976-2006
Up 31 since 2002
Source University of Chicago calculations of
national arrest estimates using data from Crime
in the United States, 1976 through 2006.
Washington, DC Federal Bureau of Investigation
(see http//www.fbi.gov/ucr/ucr.htm).
21
National Trends 1976-2006
Source University of Chicago calculations of
national arrest estimates using data from Crime
in the United States, 1976 through 2006.
Washington, DC Federal Bureau of Investigation
(see http//www.fbi.gov/ucr/ucr.htm).
22
National Trends 1976-2006
Source University of Chicago calculations of
national arrest estimates using data from Crime
in the United States, 1976 through 2006.
Washington, DC Federal Bureau of Investigation
(see http//www.fbi.gov/ucr/ucr.htm).
23
National Trends 1976-2006
Source University of Chicago calculations of
national arrest estimates using data from Crime
in the United States, 1976 through 2006.
Washington, DC Federal Bureau of Investigation
(see http//www.fbi.gov/ucr/ucr.htm).
24
Rate of Arrests (per 100,000) Juveniles vs.
Adults
25
National Trends 1976-2006
A common comparison, but is it misleading?
Source University of Chicago calculations of
national arrest estimates using data from Crime
in the United States, 1976 through 2006.
Washington, DC Federal Bureau of Investigation
(see http//www.fbi.gov/ucr/ucr.htm).
26
National Trends 1976-2006
Is comparing juveniles to all adults misleading?
Source University of Chicago calculations of
national arrest estimates using data from Crime
in the United States, 1976 through 2006.
Washington, DC Federal Bureau of Investigation
(see http//www.fbi.gov/ucr/ucr.htm).
27
Rate of Arrests (per 100,000)by Age Group
28
National Trends 1976-2006
Source University of Chicago calculations of
national arrest estimates using data from Crime
in the United States, 1976 through 2006.
Washington, DC Federal Bureau of Investigation
(see http//www.fbi.gov/ucr/ucr.htm).
29
National Trends 1976-2006
Source University of Chicago calculations of
national arrest estimates using data from Crime
in the United States, 1976 through 2006.
Washington, DC Federal Bureau of Investigation
(see http//www.fbi.gov/ucr/ucr.htm).
30
National Trends 1976-2006
Source University of Chicago calculations of
national arrest estimates using data from Crime
in the United States, 1976 through 2006.
Washington, DC Federal Bureau of Investigation
(see http//www.fbi.gov/ucr/ucr.htm).
31
National Trends 1976-2006
Source University of Chicago calculations of
national arrest estimates using data from Crime
in the United States, 1976 through 2006.
Washington, DC Federal Bureau of Investigation
(see http//www.fbi.gov/ucr/ucr.htm).
32
National Trends 1976-2006
Source University of Chicago calculations of
national arrest estimates using data from Crime
in the United States, 1976 through 2006.
Washington, DC Federal Bureau of Investigation
(see http//www.fbi.gov/ucr/ucr.htm).
33
National Trends 1976-2006
Source University of Chicago calculations of
national arrest estimates using data from Crime
in the United States, 1976 through 2006.
Washington, DC Federal Bureau of Investigation
(see http//www.fbi.gov/ucr/ucr.htm).
34
National Trends 1976-2006
Source University of Chicago calculations of
national arrest estimates using data from Crime
in the United States, 1976 through 2006.
Washington, DC Federal Bureau of Investigation
(see http//www.fbi.gov/ucr/ucr.htm).
35
National Trends 1976-2006
Source University of Chicago calculations of
national arrest estimates using data from Crime
in the United States, 1976 through 2006.
Washington, DC Federal Bureau of Investigation
(see http//www.fbi.gov/ucr/ucr.htm).
36
National Trends 1976-2006
Source University of Chicago calculations of
national arrest estimates using data from Crime
in the United States, 1976 through 2006.
Washington, DC Federal Bureau of Investigation
(see http//www.fbi.gov/ucr/ucr.htm).
37
National Trends 1976-2006
Source University of Chicago calculations of
national arrest estimates using data from Crime
in the United States, 1976 through 2006.
Washington, DC Federal Bureau of Investigation
(see http//www.fbi.gov/ucr/ucr.htm).
38
National Trends 1976-2006
Source University of Chicago calculations of
national arrest estimates using data from Crime
in the United States, 1976 through 2006.
Washington, DC Federal Bureau of Investigation
(see http//www.fbi.gov/ucr/ucr.htm).
39
National Trends 1976-2006
Source University of Chicago calculations of
national arrest estimates using data from Crime
in the United States, 1976 through 2006.
Washington, DC Federal Bureau of Investigation
(see http//www.fbi.gov/ucr/ucr.htm).
40
National Trends 1976-2006
Source University of Chicago calculations of
national arrest estimates using data from Crime
in the United States, 1976 through 2006.
Washington, DC Federal Bureau of Investigation
(see http//www.fbi.gov/ucr/ucr.htm).
41
National Trends 1976-2006
Source University of Chicago calculations of
national arrest estimates using data from Crime
in the United States, 1976 through 2006.
Washington, DC Federal Bureau of Investigation
(see http//www.fbi.gov/ucr/ucr.htm).
42
National Trends 1976-2006
Source University of Chicago calculations of
national arrest estimates using data from Crime
in the United States, 1976 through 2006.
Washington, DC Federal Bureau of Investigation
(see http//www.fbi.gov/ucr/ucr.htm).
43
National Trends 1976-2006
Source University of Chicago calculations of
national arrest estimates using data from Crime
in the United States, 1976 through 2006.
Washington, DC Federal Bureau of Investigation
(see http//www.fbi.gov/ucr/ucr.htm).
44
National Trends 1976-2006
Source University of Chicago calculations of
national arrest estimates using data from Crime
in the United States, 1976 through 2006.
Washington, DC Federal Bureau of Investigation
(see http//www.fbi.gov/ucr/ucr.htm).
45
2. Youth crime is NOT a mental health
disorder reducing youth crime requires more
than mental health services.
46

• Young Offenders From Poor and Disadvantaged
  Communities are
• More Likely to be Arrested and Drawn into the
  Juvenile Justice System, and
• More Likely to be Diagnosed with Mental Health
  Disorders.

But, This Does Not Mean One Problem Causes the
Other.
47
Prevalence of Any Mental or Substance Use Disorder
Chicago Detention Population Tepli
n et al. (2002), Archives of General Psychiatry
69

• Most Common (Males)
• Marijuana Use 45
• Conduct Disorder 38
• Alcohol Use 26
• Anxiety Disorders 21
• ADD/HD 17

48
Prevalence of Any Mental or Substance Use Disorder
Chicago Detention Population Teplin et al.
(2002), Archives of General Psychiatry
All U.S. Adolescents Using the same broad
standard U.S. Department of Health and Human
Services (1999), Mental Health A Report of the
Surgeon General
All U.S. Adolescents U.S. Department of
Health and Human Services (1999), Mental Health
A Report of the Surgeon General
69
21
21
49
Prevalence of Any Mental or Substance Use Disorder
Chicago Detention Population Teplin et al.
(2002), Archives of General Psychiatry
All U.S. Adolescents Using the same broad
standard U.S. Department of Health and Human
Services (1999), Mental Health A Report of the
Surgeon General
All U.S. Adolescents U.S. Department of
Health and Human Services (1999), Mental Health
A Report of the Surgeon General
Probation Intake Population Wasserman
et al. (2005), American Journal of Public Health
Juvenile Assessment Center Population
(diversion) McReynolds et al. (2008),
Crime and Delinquency
69
What About Populations in Between?
46
29
21
21
What Does This Mean?
50
Do Mental Health Problems Cause Juvenile Crime?
Do Social and Economic Factors Produce Higher
Rates of Mental Health Problems and Bring Youth
Deeper Into the Juvenile Justice System?
51
So, is the prevalence of mental health disorders
correlated with other social problems? It is
surprisingly difficult to find good data on this
question But we do have some answers from data
about adults.
52
Major Depressive Episode in Past Year (Adults)
14
6
Working Full-Time
Unemployed

• National Survey on Drug Use and Health, SAMHSA
  (2006)

53
Any Mood Disorder in Adults Under 40
13.6
7.5
7.4
Some College
High School
Less Than High School

• National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
  (III), reported in Jonas et al. (2006)

54
Any Mood Disorder in Adults Under 40
12.5
8.6
5.7
High Income
Moderate Income
Low Income

• National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
  (III), reported in Jonas et al. (2006)

55
Dysthymia in Adults Under 40
11.7
4.6
1.9
Some College
High School
Less Than High School

• National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
  (III), reported in Jonas et al. (2006)

56
Dysthymia in Adults Under 40
8.9
5.0
0.9
High Income
Moderate Income
Low Income

• National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
  (III), reported in Jonas et al. (2006)

57
Social and Economic Disadvantages
Offenders with Mental Health Problems
58
Many youth come into the justice system with
mental health disorders, but how many come
because of mental health disorders?
59
Mental Health Treatment is a Partial Answer for
Some Youthful Offenders
Crime by Offenders with Mental Health Issues
Crime Caused by Mental Health Issues
Justice
60
If youth crime is not simply a mental health
issue what other intervention models do we have
for young offenders?
61
3. The growing field of positive youth
development could become an important part
of future youth crime programs.
62
Positive Youth Development

• Strengths and assets
• Attachment, engagement, and socialization
• Usefulness and belonging
• Broad system of community-based supports
• Allow all youth to experience opportunities and
  activities that youth in wealthy communities
  take for granted

63
Youth Development ApproachA science-based
framework for building juvenile justice policies
and programs that can change youth behavior.
64
There are Many Youth Development Models,
Frameworks, and Systems
65
(No Transcript)
66
None of These Frameworks Have Been Adapted in any
Detail for Youth Already Involved with the
Juvenile Justice System
67
Research Findings Support the Idea of Using the
Youth Development Approach with Youthful Offenders
See the review in Catalano et al. (2004). ANNALS
of the American Academy of Political and Social
Science
68
Social Belonging was a key feature of
theSocial Development Model
Hawkins and WeisThe Social Development Model
An Integrated Approach to Delinquency
Prevention. Journal of Primary Prevention
1985
69
Newer Research on Youth Acquisition of Social
Assets Supports the Potential of Positive Youth
Development
70

• Findings from the Survey of Youth Assets
• Study based at the Oklahoma Institute for Child
  Advocacy and the University of Oklahoma, funded
  by the federal Centers for Disease Control
  (CDC)
• N gt 1,000 youth and parents from 2 midwestern,
  urban areas
• 69 of youth in high school 31 in middle
  school
• 48 cacuasian families 23 african-american
  families
• 51 single-parent households
• 65 families with households 35,000 or less in
  annual income

71
Youth with more assets are less likely to report
that they have previously carried weapons
14 of sample reported some weapon carrying

• Aspy et al. (2004), Journal of Counseling and
  Development

72
Youth with more assets are less likely to report
that they have previously used drugs/alcohol

• Oman et al. (2004). American Journal of Public
  Health

73
How Do We Transform the Juvenile Justice System
to Focus Interventions on Attaching Youth to
Assets and Facilitating Youth Development?
74
Reframing Goals and Mission
Traditional Approach
PYD Approach

• Attach youth to positive social forces and
  assets.
• Draw on community resources to engage youth.
• Engage youth in pro-social activities and
  opportunities.

• Establish control over offenders.
• Fix youth problems with professional
  services.
• Increase sanctions for anti-social
  behavior.

75
Very Different Perspectives
76
Principal Challenges 1. Policy
makers and practitioners need a step-by-step
guide to designing and implementing PYD
policies and programs in a juvenile justice
system. 2. PYD approach to
juvenile justice is only possible if a
community has a suitable assortment of
services, opportunities and supports for
all young people, but including young
offenders.
77
Youth Development Approach May be an
Evidence-Based Model Some Day

• Requires an accumulation of findings from
  numerous, high-quality studies.
• Depends on sustained investment by service
  providers, researchers, and funding sources.

78
Jeffrey A. Butts, Ph.D.Research FellowChapin
Hall Center for ChildrenUniversity of
Chicagojabutts_at_uchicago.eduwww.jeffreybutts.ne
t
For more information
79
Aspy, Cheryl B., Roy F. Oman, Sara Vesely, Cheryl
B. Aspy, Kenneth R. McLeroy, Sharon Rodine, and
Ladonna Marshall (2004). Adolescent violence The
protective effects of youth assets. Journal of
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Bonnie L., Jacquelynne S. Eccles, and Margaret R.
Stone (2001). Whatever happened to the jock, the
brain, and the princess? Young adult pathways
linked to adolescent activity involvement and
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Olsen (2004). Assessing the transitions to middle
and high school. Journal of Adolescent Research,
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(1997). The relationship between students sense
of their school as a community and their
involvement in problem behaviors. American
Journal of Public Health, 87(12)
1997-2001.Catalano, Richard F., M. Lisa
Berglund, Jean A.M. Ryan, Heather S. Lonczak, and
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development in the United States Research
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References (continued)