Protruding lobule of adipose tissue from incision site.

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ADIPOSE CELLS
Kibbe Sandin 11/21/05
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• Overview
• -Types of tissue
• - Storage of Fat
• Components of Adipose tissue and how they bond
• Location
• Purpose
• Types
• Relation to cancer
• Relation to Insulin

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• There are four main tissue types
• epithelial tissue
• connective tissue
• nervous tissue
• muscle tissue

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• Adipose tissue is another loose form of
  connective tissue
• - stores fat in adipose cells that is
  distributed throughout the matrix.
• How does this store fat? ..

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• Adipose cells store fat
• Swell when fat is stored and shrink when the fat
  is used as fuel.
• Key in storing fuel molecules and insulating and
  padding the body
• fat stored in these cells
• fats eaten
• manufactured within the body from fats,
  carbohydrates and protein in the food

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• Key components of adipose cells
• neutral glycerol esters part of a group of
  Carboxylic acids
• Stearic acid CH3(CH2)16COOH
• Oleic acid CH3(CH2)7CHCH(CH2)7COOH
• Palmitic acids CH3(CH2)14COOH

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• Bonding of carboxylic acids
• Carboxylic acids are the most acidic class of
  compounds that contain only carbon, hydrogen, and
  oxygen
• Hydrophilic
• Lipophilic
• Amphiphilic

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• Found?
• Mainly beneath the skin - panniculus adiposus
• deposits between the muscles
• among the intestines and in their mesentery
• around the heart

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• Purpose Uses
• fuel reserve
• Conservation of heat of the body
• forms soft and elastic pads between the various
  organs.

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• Types
• White single large lipid
• vacuole directly
• below skin
• Brown multiple lipid vacuole
• interscapular region and the axillae

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• When adipocytes (adipose cells) fill with lipid
  and get to a critical size, it results in an
  increase in their numbers
• This critical size does not occur with moderate
  overfeeding, but rather long term
• Once new adipocytes are formed, they remain
  throughout life and only a reduction in size of
  the cell is possible
• This increased number of adipocytes has
  consequences for the treatment and prevention of
  obesity

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• Lipogenesis is the deposition of fat.
• Lipolysis is the chemical decomposition and
  release of fat from adipose tissue.

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• Adipose cells related to cancer?
• Relationship between adipocytokines (adipose
  tissue hormone) and cell regulation
• - Leptin main effect is regulation of
  homeostasis
• Glucose and lipid metabolism, angiogenesis, blood
  pressure reglation, bone formation
• - Adioponecctin protein exclusive in white
  adipose cells
• anti-atherogenic, anti-inflammatory,
  insulin-sensitizing
• - Well documented that obesity increases risk of
  prostate, breast and colon cancer
• - Leptin shown to stimulate growth migration
  and invasion of cancer cells in vitro,promoting
  malignant biological behavior

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• Insulin and Adipose cells?
• Insulin well known to play a key
• role in adipose differentiation
• Insulin signals for Lipogenesis and Adipogenesis
• Insulin is a major hormone controlling energy
  function due to insulin binding to receptors
• Large lipid droplets observed
• Glycerol released form cells increased
• Glucose uptake increased

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• Mouse study
• Stromal cell line used differentiation by
• treating cells with alpha MEM
• (a mimal essential medium for in vitro
  experimentation)
• Preadipocyte cell line cultured in DMEM and Dex
  ( dexamethasone)
• Differentiation initiated by addition
• of insulin
• The Stromal line was found to be able to convert
  to mature adipose cells and accumulate
  tryglicerides and glycerol
• Showing stimulation between intracellular
  signaling easy reaction and binding easy
  growth and multiplication

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• References
• Adipose Tissue, Encyclopedia Britannica, 2005
• Ann L. Albright, Judith S. Stern, Adipose Tissue,
  Encyclopedia of Sports Medicine and Science, May
  1998
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• Christopher F. Lurat, Klaus Natter, Julia
  Petshnig, Heino Wolinski, Kim Scheuringer, Harald
  Scholz, Robert Zimmerman, Regina Leber, Rudolf
  Zechner, Sepp D. Kohlein, Obese yeast
  Triglycerides Lipolysis is Funtionally conserved
  from Mammals to Yeast, JBC Papers in Press. Nov.
  2, 2005
• D. Housa, J. Housova, Z. Vernerova, M. Haluzik,
  Adipocytes and Cancer, Psychological Research
  Pre-Press Article, 1-22
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• Leonard Napolitano Ph.D., The Differentiation of
  White Adipose Cells An Electron Microscope
  Study, The Journal of Cell Biology, Vol. 18,
  663-679, 1963
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• Satoshi Morito, Kuniko Yaguchi, Mikki Imada,
  Chihiro Tachikawa, Masaaki Nomuro, Shuzo
  Moritani, Manabu Igarashi, Kiochi Yokogawa,
  Ken-ichi Miyamoto, Insulin Signaling in
  Adipocytes Differentiated form Mouse Stromal
  MC3T3-G2/PA6 Cells, Biology Pharmacy Bullitin,
  Vol. 28, No. 11, 2040-2045, July 2005
• Varastehpour Ali, Radaelli Tatjana, Minium Judi,
  Ortega Henar, Herrera Emilio, Castalano Patrick,
  Hauguel-de Mouzon Sylvie, Activation of
  Phospholipase A2 is associated with Generation of
  Placental Lipid Signals and Fetal Obesity,
  Journal of Clinical Endocrinology Metabolism.
  October 25, 2005