Neuroanatomy and Function

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Neuroanatomy and Function

• Gross anatomy
• Lobes of the brain
• Most important structures on cortical surface
• Coordinates and Maps of brain
• Units of information at much smaller levels
• Functions associated with lobes
• How lobes work jointly to process information

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Neuroanatomy
"Indeed, perhaps the most important general
observation that can be made about the brain is
that its anatomy is the most important thing
about it." --Gerald M. Edelman (Building a
Picture of the Brain,The Brain, G. M. Edelman
and J.-P. Changeux, editors, Transaction
Publishers, 2001) 

• Lobes, major structures

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Neuroanatomy

• Lobes, major structures

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Neuroanatomy

• Lobes, major structures

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Neuroanatomy

• Sulci and gyri, revisited, lateral surface

1. Superior frontal gyrus 2. Superior frontal
sulcus 3. Central sulcus 4. Precentral gyrus 5.
Postcentral gyrus 6. Supramarginal gyrus 7.
Angular gyrus 8. Postcentral sulcus 9.
Parieto-occipital sulcus 10. Superior parietal
lobule 11. Intraparietal sulcus 12. Precentral
sulcus 13. Middle frontal gyrus 14. Inferior
frontal sulcus 15. Inferior frontal gyrus 16.
Anterior ascending ramus of lateral sulcus 17.
Transverse temporal gyrus 18. Anterior
horizontal ramus of lateral sulcus 19. Superior
temporal gyrus 20. Superior temporal sulcus 21.
Middle temporal gyrus 22. Stem of lateral sulcus
23. Inferior temporal sulcus 24. Inferior
temporal gyrus 25. Preoccipital notch 26.
Posterior branch of lateral sulcus 27.
Triangular part of inferior frontal gyrus 28.
Opercular part of inferior frontal gyrus
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Medial Surface
1. Medial frontal gyrus 2. Cingulate sulcus 3.
Cingulate gyrus 4. Central sulcus 5. Paracentral
lobule 6. Callosal sulcus 7. Isthmus of cingulate
gyrus 8. Subparietal sulcus 9. Precuneus 10.
Parieto-occipital sulcus 11. Cuneus 12. Calcarine
sulcus or fissure 13. Rostrum of corpus callosum
14. Genu of corpus callosum 15. Trunk of corpus
callos 16. Splenium of corpus callosum 17.
Choroid plexus in interventricular foramen 18.
Interthalamic adhesion 19. Habenular trigone 20.
Hypothalamic sulcus 21. Pineal body 22. Anterior
(rostral) commissure 23. Tectum of midbrain 24.
Mamillary body 25. Medial longitudinal fasciculus
26. Choroid plexus of 4th ventricle
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Medial Surface
1. Medial frontal gyrus 2. Cingulate gyrus 3.
Central sulcus 4. Paracentral lobule 5. Cingulate
sulcus 6. Callosal sulcus 7. Subparietal sulcus
8. Precuneus 9. Parieto-occipital sulcus 10.
Cuneus 11. Isthmus of cingulate gyrus 12. Lingual
gyrus 13. Calcarine sulcus or fissure 14. Medial
occipitotemporal gyrus 15. Collateral sulcus 16.
Parahippocampal gyrus 17. Uncus of
parahippocampal gyrus 18. Rhinal sulcus 19.
Subcallosal area 20. Paraterminal gyrus 21.
Indusium griseum 22. Rostrum of corpus callosum
23. Genu of corpus callosum 24. Trunk of corpus
callosum 25. Splenium of corpus callosum 26.
Fimbria of hippocampus 27. Cut surface of
thalamus 28. Anterior (rostral) commissure 29.
Interthalamic adhesion 30. Column of fornix 31.
Septum pellucidum
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Inferior Surface
1. Frontal pole of left cerebral hemisphere 2.
Olfactory bulb 3. Olfactory tract 4. Orbital gyri
and sulci 5. Straight gyrus 6. Temporal pole of
left cerebral hemisphere 7. Olfactory trigone 8.
Optic nerve 9. Optic chiasma 10. Anterior
(rostral) perforated substance 11. Optic tract
12. Tuber cinereum with infundibulum 13.
Oculomotor nerve 14. Mamillary body 15. Uncus of
parahippocampal gyrus 16. Basis pedunculi 17.
Basilar sulcus of pons 18. Trigeminal nerve 19.
Abducens nerve 20. Pyramid of medulla oblongata
21. Facial nerve 22. Vestibulocochlear nerve 23.
Glossopharyngeal nerve 24. Vagus nerve 25.
Cranial roots of accessory nerve 26. Spinal roots
of accessory nerve 27. Rootlets of hypoglossal
nerve 28. Flocculus 29. Ventral rootlets of 1st
cervical spinal nerve 30. Pyramidal decussation
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Inferior Surface
1. Olfactory bulb 2. Orbital sulci and gyri 3.
Olfactory tract 4. Gyrus rectus 5. Olfactory
trigone 6. Optic chiasma 7. Tuber cinereum with
infundibulum 8. Mamillary body 9. Posterior
(interpeduncular) perforated substance 10. Basis
pedunculi 11. Substantia nigra 12. Superior
cerebellar peduncle 13. Mesencephalic (cerebral)
aqueduct 14. Pineal body 15. Splenium of corpus
callosum 16. Rhinal sulcus 17. Parahippocampal
gyrus 18. Medial occipitotemporal gyrus 19.
Lateral occipitotemporal gyrus 20. Collateral
sulcus 21. Occipitotemporal sulcus 22. Lingual
gyrus
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Axial Aspect
1. Genu of corpus callosum 2. Head of caudate
nucleus 3. Frontal horn of lateral ventricle 4.
Septum pellucidum 5. Thalamostriate vein 6.
Internal capsule 7. Thalamus 8. Choroid plexus of
lateral ventricle 9. Right crus of fornix 10.
Tail of caudate nucleus 11. Stria terminalis 12.
Occipital horn of lateral ventricle 13. Splenium
of corpus callosum
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Whats up?
Anterior cingulate, posterior cingulate AC-DC
Line Talairach Space
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Tailairach Space
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Tailairach Space
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Brodmanns Map
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Nothing New
Woodcut from the Fabrica (1555) by Vesalius
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Unit of Information?
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Cortical Layers
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Cortical Layers
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Cytoarchetectic Structure
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Cytoarchetectic Structure
Inputs NS non-specific, such as are provided
by monoamine neurotransmitter (e.g. dopamine,
norepinephrine, and serotonin) neurons. Note that
these non-specific inputs synapse on neurons in
all 6 cell layers of cortex. These non-specific
inputs provide a general modulatory influence
over the activity of a cortical column. S
specific. This refers to specific sensory
information, such as visual, auditory or
somatosensory information. Remember that this
input is "relayed" through subdivisions of the
thalamus. Note these sensory afferents synapse
primarily on stellate neurons in layer
IV.   Outputs C-C cortical to cortical. These
"association" connections between 2 regions of
cortex within the same hemisphere are primarily
made by pyramidal cells whose cell bodies are
located in layer 2. C-C,Ca cortical to cortical
by way of the corpus callosum. These "callosal"
connections between 2 regions of cortex in
opposite hemispheres are primarily made by
pyramidal cells whose cell bodies are located in
layer 3. C-S cortical to spinal cord. These
pyramidal cells have their cell bodies in layer
5. These primary motor cortex neurons are
responsible for controlling the contraction of
skeletal muscles throughout the body. C-T
cortical to thalamus. These pyramidal cells have
their cell bodies in layer 6. Why do you think it
may be important for the cortex to give output to
the thalamus?
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Unit of Information?
Cortical Column
(Left) Organization of a columnar array of apical
dendrites of layers II/II and V pyramidal cells
in the primary visual cortex of macaque monkeys.
Numbers to right represent layers of cortex.
(Right) Typical layer III pyramidal cell and
three named types of inhibitory interneuron, each
with its specific type of axonal arborization
terminating on different parts of the pyramidal
cell. Primate cerebral cortex.
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Neuroanatomy

• Frontal lobes (prefrontal cortex motor
  premotor)
• Prefrontal, Lateral
• Working memory
• delayed response
• Match-to-sample
• Frontal eye fields
• Brocas area (language)
• Consciousness
• Attention

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Neuroanatomy

• Frontal lobes (prefrontal cortex motor
  premotor)
• Prefrontal, Lateral (cont.)
• Executive control (processing?)
• Context
• Integration
• Binding

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Neuroanatomy

• Frontal lobes (prefrontal cortex motor
  premotor)
• Medial
• Cingulate
• Anterior error detection, response conflict
• Rostral emotion, subgenual

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Neuroanatomy

• Frontal lobes (prefrontal cortex motor
  premotor)
• Inferior (orbital)
• Inhibition (Wisconsin Card Sort Task)

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Neuroanatomy

• Ventro Medial
• Phineas Gage

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Neuroanatomy

• Ventro Medial
• Emotion, reward, fear association

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Neuroanatomy

• Temporal lobes
• Auditory area
• Wernickes area (P-T junction)
• Semantics declarative memory
• Episodic memory
• Hippocampus
• Amygdala

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Neuroanatomy

• Parietal lobes
• Representation of self in the world

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Neuroanatomy

• Parietal lobes
• Spatial information

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Neuroanatomy

• Parietal lobes
• Hemineglect

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Neuroanatomy

• Parietal lobes
• Hemineglect

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Neuroanatomy

• Parietal lobes
• Mathematical representations?
• Saccades
• Spatial

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Neuroanatomy

• Occipital lobes vision

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Neuroanatomy

• Occipital lobes vision
• Back to frontal lobes
• Book no multimodal association areas
• Tuning
• Binding

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Tuning
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Tuning
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Tuning
?
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Tuning
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Binding

• Occipital lobes vision

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Binding

• Occipital lobes vision

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Binding

• Occipital lobes vision

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Binding

• Occipital lobes vision

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Binding How???
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Neuroanatomy

• Frontal lobes memory for vision

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Neuroanatomy

• Multi-modal representation

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Inferior Surface
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Major Parts of the Nervous System

• Cortex and Thalamus interaction

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Major Parts of the Nervous System

• Cortex and Thalamus interaction

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Major Parts of the Nervous System

• Basal Ganglia
• Initiation of movement (and ?)
• Several loops from basal ganglia to other brain
  regions (motor, frontal cortex, etc.)

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Major Parts of the Nervous System

• Cortex and Thalamus interaction

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Major Parts of the Nervous System

• Midbrain
• Tectum, tegmentum, superior inferior colliculi,
  substantia nigra (dopamine)

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Major Parts of the Nervous System
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Major Parts of the Nervous System

• Cortex and Thalamus interaction