Language

1
Language culture

• Final paper
• Third team

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Member list

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• Members
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Job distribution

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Third teams topic Is it true that the language
I speak shapes my thoughts?

• After we have discussed on several occasions,
  finally we all agreed that the language I speak
  shapes my thoughts. Following as our team members
  to support the idea)

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• We have a shape language that definitely will
  shape our thoughts. According to a doctor said in
  a news paper recently that he discovered a child
  was born in a foreigner family, whose parent come
  from Asia country, have lower ability to express
  their thoughts, may be because of insufficient
  interacting or insufficient language exchange
  with the child, and same time knowledge
  development is slower than other age child. Any
  person who have language communication problem,
  it will hard to express your thought through
  language. According to a research showed that any
  one could not express his or her own thoughts
  through language, or no body understand what we
  thoughts through the language explanation it,
  then meaning he or she got a difficultly on the
  language which he or she used it.
• Since Sapir-Whorf s theory that language shape
  thoughts, sparked a number of linguists to
  researches relative evidences, and same time
  bring a lot of criticizes on the theory, but
  lets look at our Taiwan society, you will
  believed that language will shape our thoughts.

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• Taiwanese language (Min-Na) had been ban in
  former president chiang-Chung-Cheng period, so
  some of Taiwanese their mother language is Min-Na
  language, but because of political interfered and
  lack of chances to speak, sometime they hard to
  use their mother language to express their
  thoughts, but same time because of government
  courage, they mastermind Mandarin language which
  original may not their mother language, use
  Mandarin perfectly without difficulty to explain
  most of their thoughts. An another sample, we are
  courage our children as earlier as possible to
  learn English, so you could see some of children
  who attend full day English Cram school, use some
  of English vocabulary or sentences to express
  their thoughts, and needs, instead use Mandarin
  or Taiwanese, those children shape their English
  speaking but doltish using Mandarin or Taiwanese
  to express their thoughts. Last one, let us
  examine our experience on study English, we
  always try to use precise correct English to
  explain our thoughts, when our English speaking
  are getting better,

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• our thoughts have to be shaped to correspond
  the language that we want to use.
• Following are some of evidences that I study from
  the references
• The linguist Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis indicated
  that language strongly influence thought. First
  of all, let us look a group of researchers
  studied the difference in perception of color in
  English compared with a small tribe from Papua
  New Guinea called Berinmo, the researchers found
  that the Berinmo speakers were better at matching
  colors across their nol,wor ( Berinmos language
  which in English would both be perceived in the
  category of Yellow) categories than across the
  English blue and green categories and English
  speakers were better at matching colors across
  blue and green than across the Berinmo nol and
  wor.. Second, look another example,

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• In English the form of the verb in a sentence
  tells whether it describes a past of present
  event (Mary walks vs. Mary walked) Hopi(Native
  American language)doesnt require that, because
  of that, so Hopi speakers focusing more on the
  source of the information and English speakers
  focusing more on the time of event. Third, for
  another instance objects are treated differently
  by the syntax of different languages well, In
  English, some nouns are countable and can be
  made plural (beans), while others are mass and
  cant be made plural, other language, Japanese,
  dont make this distinction, so English speakers
  more aware of the distinction between substances
  and individual objects.
• Culture, your culture, the traditions, lifestyle,
  habits, so on that you pick up from the people
  you live and interact with shapes the way you
  think, and also shapes the way you talk

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• There is a language called Guugu Yimmthirr that
  doesnt have words like left and right front and
  back, so they never say that a boy is standing in
  front of a house instead, theyd say he is
  standing east of the house, while a speaker of
  English would think of him as standing front of
  house.
• English speakers tend to treat time as a group of
  objects, seconds, minutes, hours, instead of as a
  smooth unbroken stream, that makes us think that
  time is stuff that can be saved, wasted, or lost,
  The Hopi (Hopi language does not contain any
  words, grammatical construction or expressions
  that refer to the English concept of time
  )dont talk about time in those terms, and so
  they think about it differently, for them it is a
  continuous cycle, it could be that our view of
  time is reflected in our language, or that the
  way we deal with time in our culture is reflected
  in both our language and our thoughts.

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• Language determines the boundaries of thought,
  following are a number of linguists have said1.
  The limits of your language are the limits of
  your world .by Ludwig.wittgenstein.
• 2.Lanaguage shapes the way we think, and
  determines what we can think aboutby Benjamin
  Whorf.
• 3.If we spoke a different language, we
  would perceive a somewhat different world by
  Ludwig Wittgenstein.
• 4.Though is the blossom, language the
  bud, action the fruit behind.by Ralph Waldo
  Emerson.
• References
• http//www.Lsadc.org/faqu/index.
• http//3q.tmtc,edu.tw
• http//www.ntnu.edu.tw
• http//www.chemistrycoach.com/ideas.htm
• http//www.ttt.org/linglinks/Stacy Phipps.htm.

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• We might ask, "What is the meaning of meaning?"
  Philosophers of language are less concerned with
  what individual words or sentences mean than with
  what it means for an expression to mean
  something. How do expressions have the meanings
  they have, which expressions have the same
  meanings as which others, and how can these
  meanings can be known. (The exceptions, of
  course, are expressions about language, or words
  otherwise of philosophical significance). So a
  better question might be, "what does the word
  'meaning' mean?" In a similar vein, (and with
  similar caveats), philosophers are less concerned
  with which sentences are true than with what
  kinds of things can be true or false (sentences,
  presumably, but all sentences, or only meaningful
  ones?) J.L. Austin a language philosopher who is
  most well known for his text, How to Do Things
  With Words concentrated upon various "tasks" of
  words and phrases or speech acts.

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• Language, how things 'mean' something, and truth
  (though postmodern thought incorporates the claim
  that there is no truth apart from a human
  perception of truth), are important not just
  because they are used daily with important
  effects language has shaped our human
  development, from our earliest childhood and
  continuing to our deaths. Some contemporary
  philosophers hold that it is impossible to have
  any thoughts without having a language, while
  others argue that thoughts differ in kind and
  some exist a priori, before we acquire any use of
  language. Still more would agree that there are
  at least some thoughts that one cannot think
  without having a language. Since we often, or
  always, reason according to rules laid down by
  our language, then the language we speak has a
  great deal of influence (if not totally
  encompassing all that we "know") on how we
  perceive and act in the world.

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• Accordingly it is not by accident that
  philosophical discussions of language begin by
  clarifying terminology, drawing distinctions
  between different senses of words, and so forth.
  The philosophy of language is important because
  language is important, and language is important
  because it is inseparable from how we think and
  live. Some philosophers argue that the term
  "language" is too vague to be useful and entire
  systems have been developed to clarify the field.
  See semiotics.
• Human beings have an integrated set of language
  concepts which are brought to bear upon signs and
  symbols, including all words (symbols) "object,"
  "love," "good," "God," "masculine," "feminine,"
  "art," "government," and so on. By incorporating
  "meaning," each of us has shaped (or has had
  shaped for us) an entire view of the universe and
  how we ourselves have "meaning" within it.

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• References
• Hale, B. and crispin Wright, Ed. (1999).
  Blackwell Companions To Philosophy. Malden,
  Massachusetts, Blackwell Publishers.
• Lycan, W. G. (2000). Philosophy of Language A
  Contemporary Introduction. New York, Routledge.

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• I agree that language I speak shapes my
  thoughts. We use the first mother language often.
  Our culture, the traditions, lifestyle, habits,
  and so on that you pick up from the people you
  live and interact with shape the way you think,
  and also shapes the way you talk. 
• Something I use English money. I have to
  count how much money should I say? For example
  We use ?, ?, ?, ? for money to count easily in
  Chinese. But English is not ?. They say ten
  thousand, one hundred thousand. I think it is
  not easy for me.
• I have to notice tenses in English but I do
  not use tenses often in Chinese. ??????????. My
  answer is If it will be fine tomorrow, he will
  come. This answer is wrong. Why? I do not
  notice the tense it should say, If it is fine
  tomorrow, he will come. I just think tomorrow is
  future so I have to use future tense. The
  actually, using present is OK. I think too much.

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• On the other hand, I use English every day. I
  speak English with my classmates and co-workers.
  The method helps me to prove my English. Then I
  have a new problem. When I speak Chinese with my
  family, my grammar has some problems like I say
  ??? The correct answer is ???. This grammar
  is English style. Sometimes, I will forget
  Chinese meaning like wild animals how to speak it
  in Chinese. I forgot. I will use English to
  translate English for my family. My family say
  what you talk about it. Much of the time, yes.
  But not always. You can easily conjure up mental
  images and sensations that would be hard to
  describe in words.
• The new language is very different from your own,
  it may give you some insight into another culture
  and another way of life
• http//www.lsadc.org

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• Most of foreigner speakers have language
  communication problem, or no body understand what
  we thoughts through the language explanation it,
  then meaning he or she got a difficultly on the
  language which he or she used it. It will hard to
  express own thought through language.
• Language is more than just a means of
  communication. It influences our culture and even
  our thought processes. The cross cultural
  comparisons of such things, when we perceive
  color with our eyes, we are sensing that portion
  of electromagnetic radiation that is visible
  light. 
• Our culture, through language, guides us in
  seeing the spectrum in terms of the arbitrarily
  established categories that we call colors.
  Different cultures may divide up the spectrum in
  different ways. In other words, the colors we see
  are predetermined by what our culture prepares us
  to see.

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• According to Sapir-Whorfs research that
  indicated, all normal humans share similar sense
  perceptions of color despite differences in color
  terminology from one language to another.  The
  physiology of our eyes is essentially the same. 
  However, as a society's economy and technology
  increase in complexity, the number of color terms
  usually also increases.  That is to say, the
  spectrum of visible light gets subdivided into
  more categories. The number of terms related to a
  particular topic also may be greater or smaller
  depending on such social factors as gender.  For
  example, North American women generally make far
  more color distinctions than do men.  
• The cultural environment that people grow up in
  can have surprising effects on how they interpret
  the world around them. As the environment
  changes, culture and language typically respond
  by creating new terminology to describe it. The
  terminology used by a culture reflects that
  culture's interests and concerns.

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• Anthropologists have found that learning about
  how people categorize things in their environment
  provides important insights into the interests,
  concerns, and values of their culture. 
• philosophers are less concerned with which
  sentences are true than with what kinds of things
  can be true or false. Language, how things 'mean'
  something, and truth are important. Not just
  because they are used daily with important
  effects language has shaped our human
  development, from our earliest childhood and
  continuing to our deaths. It is impossible to
  have any thoughts without having a language, the
  language we speak has a great deal of influence
  on how we perceive and act in the world.
• Ethno scientists have made a useful distinction
  in regards to ways of describing categories of
  reality.  Visitors to another society can bring
  their own culture's categories and interpret
  everything in those terms. However, there will be
  little understanding of the minds of the people
  in the society being visited. In contrast,

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• they can suspend their own culture's
  perspective and learn the
• categories of reality in the new society.  By
  doing this, they gain
• a much more profound understanding of the
  other culture. 
• http//anthro.palomar.edu/language/
• http//www.Lsadc.org/faqu/index.

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• Amy Tan is a novelist and essayist who was born
  in California only two and a half years after her
  parents emigrated from China to the United
  States. Her complex relationship with her mother,
  Daisy, who died of Alzheimers disease in 1999,
  ate the age of 83, is at the heart of much of her
  work. Tan presents herself as a writer and not a
  student of language, although she holds an M.A.
  in linguistics from San Jose State University.
  Speaking and writing in standard English is
  essential, Tan argues, but the diversity of
  cultures in America requires that we acknowledge
  the different Englishs spoken by immigrants.
  In her article Mother tongue, we can find the
  approval to Wharf Hypothesis theory language
  sheds our world of view. She mentioned about that
  her mothers limited English limited her
  perception of her. She was ashamed of her
  mothers English. And she truly believed that her
  English

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• reflected the quality of what she had to say.
  That is because she expressed them imperfectly
  her thoughts were imperfect. She also made some
  examples to support her statement The fact that
  people in department stores, at banks and at
  restaurants did not take her seriously, did not
  give her good service, pretended not to
  understand her, or even acted as if they did not
  hear her. She was forced to ask for information
  or even to complain and yell at people who had
  been rude to her mother. She often pretended
  adolescent voice because of her mothers limited
  English. These all tell us that you can speak
  correct language which means you cant fully
  express yourself and for which makes you more
  difficult to be understood. She let us know how
  she sees things through language in her
  childhood. As she became a writer, she realized
  that her mothers English is perfectly clear and
  nature. It is vivid, direct, and full of

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• observation and imagery. That was the language
  that helped shape the way she saw things,
  expressed things, made sense of the world. These
  let us know that our world view would changed as
  we grow up, knowledge increase or environment
  change but language affects us the most.
• exerpted from " The short prose reader"

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• LANGUAGE STRONGLY INFLUENCES THOUGHT. The
  Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis has changed the way many
  people look at the relationship between language,
  thought and cultural perception of reality. While
  many like Edward Sapir and Benjamin Whorf support
  the notion that language strongly influences
  thought and others argue that language does not
  influence thought, the evidence from research
  indicates that language does influence thought
  and perception of reality to a degree but
  language does not govern thought or reality.
• Benjamin Whorf, like Sapir studied Native
  American languages. Whorf sites several examples
  form the Native American language, Hopi, to
  support his hypothesis that thought is strongly
  based on language. According to Whorf the Hopi
  language does not contain any words, grammatical
  constructions or expressions that refer to the
  English concept of time.

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• Whorf goes on to explain that it is possible in
  the Hopi language to express the world or reality
  in ways other than what many languages refer to
  as time. The Hopi view of reality is specific
  to the language and can only be best expressed if
  one is familiar with the language (Carroll,
  195657). In this example where Whorf feels
  language strongly influences thought, he is often
  criticized with circularity because he infers
  cognitive differences between two speakers from
  an examination of their respective languages,
  (Hopi and English). His proof of cognitive
  differences is only based on reiteration of the
  linguistic differences (Harre, 19905).
• For example1
• A common argument for the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
  is the perception of color across languages.
  According to the hypothesis, if one language
  categorizes color differently than another
  language, then the different groups should
  perceive it differently also.

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• In a study done in the 1970s a group of
  researchers studied the difference in perception
  of color in English compared with a small tribe
  from Papua New Guinea called Berinmo. The Berinmo
  were given a sample of 160 different colors and
  asked to categorize them. The Berinmo not only
  had less categories, they did not differentiate
  between the English colors blue and green,
  however, they did draw a category between colors
  in their language nol and wor which in English
  would both be perceived in the category of
  yellow. The researchers found that the Berinmo
  speakers were better at matching colors across
  their nol, wor categories than across the English
  blue and green categories and English speakers
  were better at matching colors across blue and
  green than across the Berinmo nol and wor
  (Sawyer, 1999). According to the researchers by
  showing that the color perception of the two
  language groups is dependent on the
  categorization in the language the results
  support the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis.

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• For Example 2
• Language is more than just a means of
  communication. It influences our culture and even
  our thought processes. During the first four
  decades of the 20th century, language was viewed
  by American linguists and anthropologists as
  being more important than it actually is in
  shaping our perception of reality. This was
  mostly due to Edward Sapir and his student
  Benjamin Whorf who said that language
  predetermines what we see in the world around
  us. In other words, language acts like a
  polarizing lens on a camera in filtering
  reality--we see the real world only in the
  categories of our language.
• you------- your
  -------reality
• language
• Cross cultural comparisons of such things as
  color terms were used by Sapir and Whorf as
  evidence. When we perceive color with our eyes,
  we are sensing that portion of electromagnetic
  radiation that is visible light. 

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• In fact, the spectrum of visible light is a
  continuum of light waves with frequencies that
  increase at a continuous rate from one end to the
  other.  In other words, there are no distinct
  colors like red and green in nature.  Our
  culture, through language, guides us in seeing
  the spectrum in terms of the arbitrarily
  established categories that we call colors.
  Different cultures may divide up the spectrum in
  different ways. This can be seen in the
  comparison of some English language colors with
  their couterparts in the Tiv language of Nigeria
• Sapir (value refers to the lightness or darkness
  of a color. High value is light and low value is
  dark.)
• and Whorf interpreted these data as indicating
  that colors are not objective, naturally
  determined segments of reality. In other words,
  the colors we see is predetermined by what our
  culture prepares us to see. This example used to
  support the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis was
  objectively tested in the 1960's.

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• Reference
• 1.Language and thought processes
• http//anthro.palomar.edu/language/language_5.htm
• 2. Stacy, Phipps. December 13, 2001. Language and
  thoughtexamining linguistic relativity
• http//www.ttt.org/linglinks/StacyPhipps.htm

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• Language is more than just a means of
  communication.   It influences our culture and
  even our thought processes.   During the first
  four decades of the 20th century, language was
  viewed by American linguists and anthropologists
  as being more important than it actually is in
  shaping our perception of reality.  This was
  mostly due to Edward Sapir and his student
  Benjamin Whorf who said that language
  predetermines what we see in the world around
  us.  In other words, language acts like a
  polarizing lens on a camera in filtering
  reality--we see the real world only in the
  categories of our language.
• Cross cultural comparisons of such things as
  color terms were used by Sapir and Whorf as
  evidence.  When we perceive color with our eyes,
  we are sensing that portion of electromagnetic
  radiation that is visible light.  In fact, the
  spectrum of visible light is a continuum of light
  waves with frequencies that increase at a
  continuous rate from one  end to the other. 

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• In other words, there are no distinct colors like
  red and green in nature.  Our culture, through
  language, guides us in seeing the spectrum in
  terms of the arbitrarily established categories
  that we call colors.  Different cultures may
  divide up the spectrum in different ways.  This
  can be seen in the comparison of some English
  language colors with their couterparts in the Tiv
  language of Nigeria

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• Sapir and Whorf interpreted these data as
  indicating that colors are not objective,
  naturally determined segments of reality.  In
  other words, the colors we see is predetermined
  by what our culture prepares us to see.  This
  example used to support the Sapir-Whorf
  hypothesis was objectively tested in the 1960's. 
  That research indicated that they went too far. 
  All normal humans share similar sense perceptions
  of color despite differences in color terminology
  from one language to another.  The physiology of
  our eyes is essentially the same.  People all
  over the world can see subtle gradations of color
  and can comprehend other ways of dividing up the
  spectrum of visible light.  However, as a
  society's economy and technology increase in
  complexity, the number of color terms usually
  also increases. 

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• That is to say, the spectrum of visible light
  gets subdivided into more categories.  As the
  environment changes, culture and language
  typically respond by creating new terminology to
  describe it.
•    It is now clear that the terminology used by a
  culture reflects that culture's interests and
  concerns.  For instance, Indians in Canada's
  Northwest Territories typically have at least 13
  terms for different types and conditions of snow,
  while most non-skiing native Southern
  Californians use only 2 terms--ice and snow. 
  That does not mean that the English language only
  has 2 terms.  Quite the contrary, there are many
  more English words that refer to different states
  of frozen water, such as blizzard, dusting,
  flurry, frost, hail, hardpack, powder, sleet,
  slush, and snowflake. 

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• The point is that these terms are rarely if ever
  used by people living in tropical or subtropical
  regions because they hardly everencounter frozen
  water in any form other than an ice cube.  The
  distinctions between different snow conditions
  are not relevant to everyday life and children
  may not even have the words explained to them. 
  However, people in these warmer regions make fine
  distinctions about other phenomena that are
  important to them.  For instance, coastal
  Southern Californians often have dozens of
  surfing related words that would likely be
  unknown to most Indians in the Northwest
  Territories or to people living in England for
  that matter. 
• The number of terms related to a particular topic
  also may be greater or smaller depending on such
  social factors as gender.  For example, North
  American women generally make far more color
  distinctions than do men.  

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• This may be largely due to the fact that subtle
  color differences are important factors in
  women's clothing and makeup.  Parents and peers
  encourage and train girls early to be
  knowledgeable about these distinctions. 

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• The cultural environment that people grow up in
  can have surprising effects on how they interpret
  the world around them.  This became apparent
  during a Washington D.C. murder trial early in
  2002.  A deaf man was convicted of stabbing to
  death two of his classmates at Gallaudet
  University.  At his trial, the defendant said
  that he was told to do it by mysterious
  black-gloved hands.  His delusions did not come
  in the form of spoken language.  He was told to
  commit these brutal murders through sign
  language--his mode of communication.  Another
  example is provided by Guugu Timithirr language
  speakers of the Cape York Peninsula in
  northeastern Australia.  This group of Aborigines
  do not have words for left, right, front, or
  back.  They use absolute rather than relative
  directions. 
• When they refer to people or objects in their
  environment, they use compass directions--e.g.,
  "I am standing southwest of my sister" rather
  than "I am standing to the left of my sister." 

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• Critics of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis would point
  out the Aborigines who speak this language also
  usually learn English and can use left, right,
  front, and back just as we do.  However, if they
  do not learn English during early childhood, they
  have difficulty in orienting themselves
  relatively and absolute orientation makes much
  more sense to them.
• Ethnoscience
• Anthropologists have found that learning about
  how people categorize things in their environment
  provides important insights into the interests,
  concerns, and values of their culture.  Field
  workers involved in this type of research refer
  to it as ethnoscience
• Ethnoscientists have made a useful distinction in
  regards to ways of describing categories of
  reality.  Visitors to another society can bring
  their own culture's categories and interpret
  everything in those terms. 

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• However, there will be little understanding of
  the minds of the people in the society being
  visited.  In contrast, they can suspend their own
  culture's perspective and learn the categories of
  reality in the new society.  By doing this, they
  gain a much more profound understanding of the
  other culture.  Ethnoscientists define these two
  different approaches as being etic and emic . 
  Etic categories involve a classification
  according to some external system of analysis
  brought in by the visitor.   This is the approach
  of biology in using the Linnaean classification
  system to define new species.  It assumes that
  ultimately, there is an objective reality and
  that is more important than cultural perceptions
  of it.  In contrast, emic categories involve a
  classification according to the way in which
  members of a society classify their own world. 
  It may tell us little about the objective reality
  but it is very insightful in understanding how
  other people perceive that reality through the
  filter of their language and culture.

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• Discussion Topic Is it true that the language I
  speak shapes my thoughs.
• Language is more than just a means of
  communication , it influences our culture and
  even our thought processes. language was viewed
  by linguists and anthropologists as being more
  important than it actually is in shaping our
  perception of reality.  This was mostly due to
  language predetermines what we see in the world
  around us.  In other words, language acts like a
  polarizing lens on a camera in filtering
  reality--we see the real world only in the
  categories of our language.
• Thought and thinking take place in a mental
  language which consists of a system of
  representations that is physically realized in
  the brain of thinkers and has a combinatorial
  syntax (and semantics) such that operations on
  representations are causally sensitive only to
  the syntactic properties of representations.

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• Thought is, roughly, the tokening of a
  representation that has a syntactic structure
  with an appropriate semantics. Thinking thus
  consists in syntactic operations defined over
  such representations. As the environment changes,
  culture and language typically respond by
  creating new terminology to describe it. It is
  now clear that the terminology used by a culture
  reflects that culture's interests and concerns.
  Here are an example to support this logic
• The Cape York Peninsula in northeastern
  Australia, this group of Aborigines do not have
  words for left, right, front, or back.  They use
  absolute rather than relative directions. When
  they refer to people or objects in their
  environment, they use compass directions--e.g.,
  "I am standing southwest of my sister" rather
  than "I am standing to the left of my sister." 

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• The Aborigines who speak this language also
  usually learn English and can use left, right,
  front, and back just as we do.  However, if they
  do not learn English during early childhood, they
  have difficulty in orienting themselves
  relatively and absolute orientation makes much
  more sense to them.
• Thinking is at least the tokenings of states that
  are intentional and causally connected. But,
  surely, thinking is more. There could be a
  causally connected series of intentional states
  that makes no sense at all. Thinking, therefore,
  is causally proceeding from states to states that
  makes semantic sense the transitions among
  states must preserve some of their semantic
  properties to count as thinking. In the ideal
  case, this property would be the truth value of
  the states. But in most cases, any interesting
  intentional or epistemic property would do. In
  general, it is hard to spell out what this
  requirement of "making sense" comes to.

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• The intuitive idea, however, should be clear.
  Thinking is not proceeding from thoughts to
  thoughts in arbitrary fashion thoughts that are
  causally connected are in some fashion
  semantically too. If this were not so, there
  would be little point and gain in thinking.
  Thinking couldn't serve any useful purpose. Call
  this general phenomenon, then, the semantic
  coherence of causally connected thought
  processes.
• Various people of persuasion directly suggest
  using language in certain ways to change the
  minds of others, including advertising, debate,
  sales, and rhetoric. The ancient sophists
  discussed and listed many figures of speech such
  as enthymeme and euphemism. Today public
  relations firms use spin.
• Thought or thinking is a mental process which
  allows beings to model the world, and so to deal
  with it effectively according to their goals,
  plans, ends and desires.

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• Concepts akin to thought are sentience,
  consciousness, idea, and imagination. Thinking
  involves manipulation of information, as when we
  form concepts, engage in problem solving, reason
  and make decisions. Thinking is a higher
  cognitive function and the analysis of thinking
  processes is part of cognitive psychology. My
  conclusion is thinking means you tend to put a
  higher priority on impersonal factors than
  personal factors.