Class Wars

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Class Wars
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Objectives

• Taxonomy vs. Systematics
• Scientific Naming
• Whos related to insects?
• How are insects related to each other?

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What is Taxonomy?

• The worlds oldest profession
• The classification of organisms based on
  __________and/or differences
• Essentially Sesame Street taken up a notch

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Taxonomy vs. Systematics

• Taxonomy is the HOW and_______
• Systematics is the ______and WHY
• Explains evolutionary relationships who turned
  into who
• TAXONOMY ? SYSTEMATICS!

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Scientific Naming

• Scientific Names are basically like addresses

Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family G
enus species
Planet Continent Country State/Province
_________ Street house
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Scientific Naming

• A mnemonic

Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family _
_____ species
Kinky Friends Come Over For Good
sex !
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An Example
Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family G
enus species
Animalia Arthropoda _________ Lepidoptera
Lymantriidae Lymantria dispar
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What about us?
Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family G
enus species
Animalia ________ Mammalia Primates Homi
nidae Homo sapiens
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Myriapoda
Hexapoda
Chelicerata
Crustacea
Annelida
Onychophora
The tree of life
The Phylogeny of Insects and Their Relatives
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Phylum Annelida

• Segmented worms 12,000 species.
• Have at least one pair of _____________ bristles
• They live in a variety of habitats from marine to
  terrestrial and have a very diverse diet (from
  dirt to blood!)

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Phylum Onychophora

• 70 described species
• Features of both annelids and arthropods
• Arthropod characters include
• - a thin chitinous cuticle
• - tracheal __________ system
• - open circulatory system
• - mandible-like mouthparts
• Strictly terrestrial, mostly predators, limited
  to ________ habitats, mainly in the tropics

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SubPhylum Chelicerata
Phylum Arthropoda

• Chelicerates second largest group of arthropods
  (75,000 species)
• No antennae
• 2 body regions
• 2 _________________ for feeding
• As a group, they have a varied diet, but they
  include some of the most voracious predators in
  the phylum

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SubPhylum Chelicerata
Phylum Arthropoda

• Spiders most commonly encountered chelicerates
  (38,000 species worldwide)
• Most are __________ (unless youre a fellow
  arthropod!)
• The entire group is ____________

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SubPhylum Chelicerata
Phylum Arthropoda

• Scorpions another predaceous group of
  chelicerates
• Although few North American species are fatal,
  almost all can deliver a painful sting
• Primarily ___________ dwelling, they are most
  often found at night (some even glow under UV
  light!)

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SubPhylum Chelicerata
Phylum Arthropoda

• Mites and Ticks most diverse chelicerates
  (30,000 species)
• Diverse lifestyles from predators to
  ________________
• Some carry disease

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SubPhylum Chelicerata
Phylum Arthropoda

• Horseshoe crabs are chelicerates!
• Living _______________, representing a group that
  was once much larger
• Easily seen when they come onshore to mate

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SubPhylum Crustacea
Phylum Arthropoda

• Crustaceans (45,000 species)
• Most are _____________ or marine (with a few
  notable exceptions)
• They differ from other arthropods by having
• two pairs of antennae
• many legs
• Lifestyles range from predaceous to herbivorous

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Myriapoda (2 Classes)
Phylum Arthropoda

• Generally considered to be insects ___________
  relatives
• Relatively diverse at 13,000 species
• Most distinguishable by their ______________
  segments, each with one or two pairs of legs

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Centipede vs. Millipede
Class Chilopoda One pair of legs/segment _________
_______
Class Diplopoda ___ pairs of legs/segment Scavenge
rs
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Class Hexapoda (Insecta)
Phylum Arthropoda

• The ________ jackpot! (well over 800,000 species
  and still counting)
• Distinguishable by
• ________ body regions
• three pairs of legs
• wings (sometimes)
• Lifestyles well if you can imagine it theres
  probably something doing it!

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So whos most closely related to insects?
Myriapods!
BUT
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Arthropoda
Myriapoda
Hexapoda
Chelicerata
Annelida
Crustacea
Onychophora
Standard Tree
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Arthropoda
Crustacea
Hexapoda
Chelicerata
Annelida
Myriapoda
Onychophora
Yikes!
Molecular Tree
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Systematics is full of unanswered questions, but
scientists are working on it!
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Order Wars Border Wars
Orthoptera
Collembola
Phasmatodea
Thysanura
Ephemeroptera
Dermaptera
Odonata
Hemiptera
Plecoptera
Thysanoptera
Phthiraptera
Coleoptera
Neuroptera
Hymenoptera
Trichoptera
Lepidoptera
Siphonaptera
Mecoptera
Diptera
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Meet the Orders
Animalia
Kingdom
Arthropoda
Phylum
______________ (Insecta)
Class
Order
Family
Genus
species
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Meet the Orders
Orthoptera
Collembola
Phasmatodea
Thysanura
Ephemeroptera
Dermaptera
Odonata
Hemiptera
Plecoptera
Thysanoptera
Phthiraptera
Coleoptera
Apterygota
Neuroptera
_____________
Hymenoptera
Trichoptera
No metamorphosis
Lepidoptera
Siphonaptera
Mecoptera
Diptera
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Meet the Orders
Orthoptera
Collembola
Phasmatodea
Thysanura
Ephemeroptera
Dermaptera
Odonata
Hemiptera
Plecoptera
Thysanoptera
Phthiraptera
Coleoptera
Neuroptera
Hymenoptera
Exopterygota
Trichoptera
Lepidoptera
Hemimetabolous
Siphonaptera
_____________ metamorphosis
Mecoptera
Diptera
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Meet the Orders
Orthoptera
Collembola
Phasmatodea
Thysanura
Ephemeroptera
Dermaptera
Odonata
Hemiptera
Plecoptera
Thysanoptera
Phthiraptera
Coleoptera
Neuroptera
Hymenoptera
__________________
Trichoptera
Lepidoptera
Complete metamorphosis
Siphonaptera
Mecoptera
Diptera
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Meet the Orders
Part I
Orthoptera
Collembola
Phasmatodea
Thysanura
Ephemeroptera
Dermaptera
Odonata
Hemiptera
Plecoptera
Thysanoptera
Phthiraptera
Coleoptera
Neuroptera
Hymenoptera
Trichoptera
Lepidoptera
Siphonaptera
Mecoptera
Diptera
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OrderCollembolaspringtails

• 6000 species
• Very small, primitive, __________
• Ametabolous (no metamorphosis)
• Name means _______ peg

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Aptly named
The glue peg (actually used for _______ uptake)
They JUMP!
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Springtails on Ice
One of the few insects you will find active
outdoors in the winter is the snow flea
(Hypogastrura nivicola). It feeds on bacteria,
fungi, and ________ that grow on the snow.
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Importance?
Springtails even permanently inhabit the
continent of ______________.

• One of the most populous animals in the world
• 3,000 per cubic foot (810,000 per cubic yard)
  of soil !
• Break down organic matter and recycle __________
  into the soil

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OrderThysanurasilverfish

• 370 species
• Small, primitive, wingless
• Ametabolous(no metamorphosis)
• Name means _________________
• Household pests that feed on starchy substances

and firebrats
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Order Ephemeropteramayflies

• 2000 species
• Primitive winged insects
• ____________________(incomplete metamorphosis)
• Name means short-lived wings

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Adult Features
Large, ___________ wings
Long front legs
_____ long terminal filaments off end of abdomen
(usually)
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The Nymphs

• Mayfly nymphs are _______________
• Most are herbivorous
• Sensitive to pollution

Abdominal gills
Key feature Three terminal filaments (usually)
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Emergence

• Adults can emerge in hugegroups, which
• Increases chances of finding a ___________
• Decreases risk of predation

For all their numbers, they dont live very long
as adults (no more than a day or two)
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Males have GIGANTIC eyes (most of their brain is
devoted to ____________ Helps males find females
Importance of this Group?

• _______ source for a lot of predators, both
  aquatic and terrestrial
• Large emergences can cause BIG problems

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Order Odonata
dragonfliesand______________

• 5000 species
• Primitive winged insects
• Hemimetabolous(incomplete metamorphosis)
• Name means tooth

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Dragonflies vs. Damselflies
_______-spaced eyes
Close-set eyes
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Dragonflies vs. Damselflies
Wide spaced eyes Skinny abdomens Wings held
over the back
Close-set eyes Fat abdomens Wings held
__________
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Even the nymphs are different
Dragonflies vs. Damselflies
Internal gills (usually ___________)
External gills
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The Mask of Death
The _______ of nymphs is modified into a mask
that can be extended to grab prey
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Border Patrol
Male dragonflies and damselflies are EXTREMELY
___________________
And Very photogenic
A favorite of nature photographers everywhere
There are even field guides for those interested
in hunting dragonflies
___________ comes from cells inside the
exoskeleton thats why their colors fade when
they die, the cells dry out!