The Crusades

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The Crusades
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Review

• Feudalism encouraged internecine violence in
  Western Europe
• 1054 Schism between East and Western forms of
  Christianity
• 1071 Battle of Manzikert and deposition of
  Romanus IV Diogenes allows Seljuk Turks to occupy
  Asia Minor
• 1076-1122 The Investiture Controversy causes rift
  between papacy and kings of France, England, and
  the Holy Roman Empire

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Questions

• Why did pope Urban II decide to call for an army
  to retake the Holy Land in 1095
• What motivated the Crusaders to take the cross
  and march to Jerusalem?
• What were the short and long-term consequences of
  the crusades?
• What does the phenomenon of crusading tell us
  about the religious world of the high middle ages?

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The Church and Feudal Violence

• The Peace of God (10th century)
• Tried to limit feudal violence by restricting the
  number of legitimate victims of violence
• The Truce of God (11th century)
• Tried to limit feudal violence by limiting the
  time it was acceptable to fight

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Prelude to a Crusade

• Alexius I Comnenus (r. 1081-1118)
• Urban II (r. 1088-1099)
• Anti-pope Clement III (r. 1084-1100)
• The Council of Clermont (1095)
• Deus Vult
• The Strength of the Response

Alexius I
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The First Crusade

• First Wave
• Walter Sansavoir and Peter the Hermit
• Anti-semitism
• Second Wave
• Godfrey of Bouillon
• Bohemond of Taranto
• Raymond, Count of Toulouse
• June 1098, Antioch Captured
• July 1099 Jerusalem Captured
• Third Wave

The Council of Clermont
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(No Transcript)
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Crusading as an Institution

• Crusader states
• Crusading Orders
• Knights of the Hospital of St. John of Jerusalem
  (1113)
• Knights Templar (1128)
• Problems in the Holy Land

Krak des Chevaliers
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Subsequent Crusades

• Saladin and the Capture of Jerusalem (1187)
• 3rd Crusade (1189-1192)
• Frederick Barbarossa, Holy Roman Emperor (r.
  1152-1190)
• Philip II Augustus of France (r. 1180-1223)
• Richard I the Lionhearted Of England (r.
  1189-1199)
• 4th Crusade (1201-1204)
• Capture of Constantinople, 1204
• St. Louis IX (r. 1226-1270) and the disaster at
  Damietta (1250)

Saladin
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Other Fields for Crusading

• Spain
• The Teutonic Knights and Crusading in the Baltic
• Crusades against Heretics