Local Lexical Elements in Jakarta Indonesian. Uri Tadmor ..

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• Local Lexical Elements in Jakarta Indonesian
• Uri Tadmor
• Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary
  Anthropology

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Origin of Betawi Malay

• Two theories
• Malay dialect Direct continuation of Proto
  Malayic (Nothofer, Collins, Adelaar)
• Creole Developed locally from a form of Bazaar
  Malay (Prentice, Grijns, Ikranagara)

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History of the Betawi ethnic group

• Kelapa Sunda/Jayakarta (before 1619) Mostly
  Sundanese population with Javanese royalty and
  aristocracy
• Batavia (17th c.) No Sundanese and Javanese
  allowed to reside in city. Largest ethnic
  groups Balinese, Chinese
• 18th c. (to present) Large influx of Sundanese
  and Javanese (and smaller numbers of others,
  including Malays)

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Hypothesis on the formation of the Betawi ethnic
group

• 17th c. Inter-marriage between Chinese men and
  Balinese women
• 18th-19th c. Admixture of mostly Sundanese and
  Javanese conversion to Islam emergence of new
  ethnic group

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Hypothesis on the formation of Betawi Malay

• 17th-18th c. Pidgin/Bazaar Malay (cf.
  Woordenboek 1780)
• 18th-19th c. Creolization (cf. Shuchardt 1891)
• 19th-20th c. Decreolization (influence of
  Javanese, Sundanese, Standard Malay)
• Evidence for origin
• Culture Food, dress, music, etc.
• Language Mostly lexicon

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Kinship terms among ethnic Betawi

• Father babé lt Arabic
• Mother nyaq lt Mandarin
• or...
• babé lt babah term of address for a Chinese man
• nyaq lt nyonya term of address for the wife of a
  Chinese man

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• Grandfather engkong lt Hokkien ang-kong
  grandfather
• Grandmother nénék lt Balinese nénék (Classical
  Malay nini)
• Parents older sibling encang
• Parents younger sibling encing
• (Both Chinese, precise source words unindetified)

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• Older brother abang (dialect borrowingsource?)
• Older sister empoq (lt mpu final
  glottalization and vowel lowering direct
  source?)
• Younger sibling adéq (Malay)

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Kinship terms currently used by ethnic Chinese in
Jakarta

• Father papa (lt Dutch)
• Mother mama (lt Dutch)
• Grandfather akong (lt Hokkien)
• Grandmother maq (lt Hokkien)

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• Parents siblings
• Many different terms (oo, ii, kuku, etc.), but
  crucially not encang and encing
• Siblings
• Older brother koko (lt Hokkien)
• Older sister cici (lt Hokkien)
• Younger sibling adik (lt Malay)

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Prototypical pronouns Ethnic Betawi
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Prototypical pronouns Ethnic Chinese
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Prototypical pronouns Jakarta Indonesian

• .

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Prototypical possessive constructions

• Ethnic Betawi rumah Budi
• Jakarta Chinese Budi punya rumah
• Jakarta Indonesian rumahnya Budi

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Pragmatic particles

• Traditional Malay lah, pun, pula (rarely used)
• Malay-derived nih, tuh, kan, yuk
• Javanese koq, ah, sih
• Sundanese mah
• Balinese dong

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The Loanword Typology Project

• A collaborative project coordinated by the
  Department of Linguistics, Max Planck Institute
  for Evolutionary Anthropology. In this project,
  we study lexical borrowing patterns in about 40
  languages from around the world. Each language is
  the responsibility of a single author, an expert
  in the language and its history. For each
  language, lexical data is collected based on a
  list of 1460 meanings.

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The Loanword Typology Project

• The results of the projects will be published in
  two volumes, one with general findings, the other
  with case studies the consolidated database will
  be included in an electronic form. The aim is to
  provide a systematic basis for claims about
  borrowability and borrowing patterns, as well as
  about grammatical, social, and cultural
  conditions for borrowing. The lexical meanings
  include all those on the list of the
  Intercontinental Dictionary Series, another MPI
  EVA project.

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• Balinese (4)
• bianglala the rainbow
• menénténg to carry in hand
• lindung the freshwater eel
• samping the side
• Javanese (33)
• caplak the flea
• jénggot the beard
• ketombé the dandruff
• usus the intestines or guts
• cérét the kettle
• jagung the maize/corn
• singkong the cassava/manioc
• jamur the mushroom
• kapan when?

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• paron the anvil
• timbal the lead
• merintih to groan
• mengerti to understand
• Kapan when?
• warga(negara) the citizen
• kali the river or stream
• rembulan the moon
• wanita the woman
• bocah the child(1)
• bapak mertua the father-in-law
• ibu mertua the mother-in-law
• leluhur the ancestors
• bréwok the beard
• kerongkongan the throat
• kéték the armpit

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• blangkon the headband or headdress
• payudara the breast
• terpelését to slide or slip
• gagasan the idea
• konyol stupid
• menyulut to light
• enggak/nggak no
• lonté the prostitute
• ani-ani the sickle (actually k.o. small
  reaping knife)
• Sundanese (3)
• monyét the monkey
• kelapa the coconut
• situ the lake (man-made)

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• Balinese/Javanese (10)
• cerobong (asap) the chimney
• jongkok to crouch
• gembok the padlock
• kuping the ear
• merica the pepper
• terwélu the rabbit
• kerudung the veil
• cangklong the pipe
• penanggalan the calendar
• langsing thin
• jambut the pubic hair

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• Javanese/Sundanese (58)
• bayi the baby
• sapi the cattle
• banténg the ox
• kodok the frog
• kadal the lizard
• jambut the pubic hair
• capék tired
• panci the pot
• séndok the spoon
• sarapan the breakfast
• adonan the dough
• kentang the potato
• pacul the spade
• membabat to mow
• panén the harvest

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• jeruk the citrus fruit
• menggebrak to pound
• menétés to drip
• menyemprot to splash
• pojok the corner
• énténg light(1)
• gampang easy
• mencegah to prevent
• bénténg the fortress
• rayap the termites
• mertua the parents-in-law
• pesisir the shore
• (ayam) jago the cock/rooster
• kalong the bat
• (burung) bétét the parrot
• tawon the bee
• kéong the snail
• buntut the tail

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• berjogét to dance
• menggéndong to carry
• merangkul to embrace
• kembang gula the candy/sweets
• kontol the penis
• pilek the cold
• panci (goréng) the pan
• gubuk the hut
• gréndél the latch or door-bolt
• obor the lamp or torch
• separo the half
• kecut sour
• kagét surprised or astonished
• pintar clever
• goblok stupid
• bégo stupid
• gara-gara because

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• prajurit the soldier
• soto the soup
• paceklik the famine
• memencét to press
• ngobrol to speak or talk
• mengguyur to splash
• romo the priest
• gapura the door or gate
• Balinese/Javanese/Sundanese (29)
• paman the uncle
• bibi the aunt
• duda the widower
• bébék the duck
• jempol the thumb
• pusar the navel
• arit the sickle or scythe

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• mengocok to shake
• pajak the tax
• garis the line
• mirip similar
• soré the afternoon
• sepi quiet
• empuk soft
• désa the village
• tanpa without
• bunglon the chameleon
• keponakan the siblings child
• iga the rib
• mengungsi to flee
• mengoméli to scold
• menuding to accuse
• taméng the shield
• céléng the boar

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• Sabuk the belt
• témbok the wall
• kembang the flower
• wangi fragrant
• ngomong to speak or talk
• Old Javanese (11)
• bapa/bapak the father
• ibu the mother
• meréka they
• warna the colour/color
• belajar to learn
• mengajar to teach
• pasti certain
• ratu the queen
• jawawut the millet or sorghum
• merusak to damage
• mengantar(kan) to bring

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• Minangkabau (4)
• kalian you (plural)
• kumuh dirty
• dangkal shallow (older form)
• gadis the girl (older form)
• Madurese (1)
• celurit/clurit the sickle or scythe
• Toba Batak (1)
• marga the clan

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• Unidentified sources (5)
• binatang the animal
• pusut the awl
• nokén the netbag
• mengendus to sniff
• pesakitan the captive or prisoner