Rumensin For Dairy Cattle the US Legalities

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Rumensin For Dairy Cattle - the US Legalities

• Peter Robinson
• CE Specialist
• Dept. Animal Science
• Davis, CA

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Rumensin Approval

• Approved in October (2004)
• Announced November (2004)
• Appendix 1 in the proceedings
• Published in Federal Register Nov (2004)
• Appendix 2 in the proceedings
• Claim improves milk efficiency
• No impact on cow health
• No risk to humans

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Legalities of Rumensin Use

• Only in a total mixed ration (TMR)
• Not legal with grain feeding in the parlor
• Not legal with bunk line hay feeding
• All lactating and dry cows
• No withdrawal for milk or meat
• No limits on start and stop
• Level is 11 to 22 g/ton of dry matter
• Higher or lower are not legal
• Levels can be changed at will.

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Confusion Followed !!

• Due to
• Only in a total mixed ration (TMR)
• Single feed efficiency claim
• Pre-existing dairy clearances
• Supplementary Posting (Appendix 3)
• Definition of a TMR
• Clarification that only to be fed in a TMR

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Dr. Essi Evans  
  Dr. Evans grew up in Baltimore County
(Maryland) and earned her BS. degree in
Agriculture from the University of Maryland.
Attended the University of Guelph, to obtain an
MSc. and PhD. in animal nutrition.   Joined the
research and development group at Shur-Gain in
Toronto. One of her areas of specialization was
mathematical modelling, and this led in
development of models for dairy, beef, swine and
poultry.
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Dr. Essi Evans  
Dr. Evans frequently travelled with Shur-Gain
sales people to visit accounts and has a clear
understanding of issues that impact practical
dairy people.   Became vice president and
managing director of Shur-Gain, while continuing
her research endeavours, primarily at the
Shur-Gain Dairy Research Dairy Farm. Widely
acknowledged as being one of the very best dairy
nutritionists in the world and the models that
she developed are very well known, and respected,
within the mathematical modelling community.
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Dr. Essi Evans  
  In 2001 Dr. Evans left Shur-Gain In 2002 she
started her own company (Technical Advisory
Services Inc.), which provides technical and
managerial support, and assists with research and
product development to companies.  
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Rumensin For Dairy Cattle The Canadian Experience

• Essi Evans
• Technical Advisory
• Services Inc.
• Bowmanville
• Ontario, Canada

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The Canadian Quota System

• Purchase rights to produce milk
• Bought and sold on the basis of fat
• 1 kg of fat /day 36,000 (25,000 US)
• Payment for fatproteinother solids
• Can produce 25 (55 lb) kg/day _at_4
• Can produce 33 kg (73 lb)/day _at_3
• Current price 0.60 CAD/liter
• Current price 24 US/100 lb

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History of Rumensin in Canada

• Initially allowed for coccidiosis control in
  lactating cows at 22 ppm (500 mg)
• Currently also approved at 8-24 ppm
• Improve BCS 8-24 ppm
• Decrease milk fat 16-24 ppm
• Improve protein efficiency 16-24 ppm
• CRC bolus approved for subclinical ketosis
• Releases about 350 mg
• Lasts for about 95 days

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Consistency of Results

• Apparent consistent benefit from sub-clinical
  ketosis and subacute acidosis symptoms
• Milk production and milk composition results have
  been less consistent from herd to herd
• Changes in intake have also been less consistent
• Herd demographics and feeding system

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Rumensin What It Does

• Knocks out protozoa
• Protozoa can reduce efficiency
• Alters the gram ve bugs
• Gram ve bugs have an outer membrane
• Resistant to gram stain
• Resistant to Rumensin
• Gram staining only relates to membranes
• Just happens that gram ve produce propionate
• Just happens that gram ve produce lactic acid

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What Altering the Rumen Means

• Lowers rate of rumen starch digestion
• Increases rate of rumen fiber digestion
• Reduces rate of protein degradation
• Reduce amino acid deamination
• Diminishes the amount of microbial protein
• Lowers the rate of fat hydrogenation
• Lessens the production of methane
• Lowers lactic acid/increases propionic acid

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Starch Digestion (300 mg)

• Some starch digesting bugs are sensitive to
  Rumensin
• Approximately 8 less starch digested in the
  rumen
• Adaptation may occur

Mackintosh et al., J.Anim Feed Sci 11399-401,
2002 Callaway et al., Proc Dairy Forage Info 1997
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Fiber Digestion (300 mg)

• Reported increases in fiber digestion
• Less competition for fiber digesters
• Less time at sub-optimal pH (?)
• Increase is greater at low intakes
• 3-5 improvement for lactating cows
• 5-8 improvement in dry cows

Mackintosh et al., J.Anim Feed Sci
11399-401 Plaizier et al., JDS 832918-2925,
2000 Mwenya et al, Anim Feed Sci Technol 118
19-30, 2005
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Protein Degradation (300 mg)

• More bypass protein, bypass amino acids
• Decreased protein degradation
• - about 10-15
• Decreased deamination
• -about 10
• 10 less rumen ammonia

Newbold et al, BJN 76-249-261, 1990 Van der
Merwe, S. Afr JAS 3149-55, 2001 Kennelly et al.
Proc West. Dairy Nutr Conf., 1997
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Microbial Protein (300 mg)

• Microbial protein production is reduced
• 10-20
• Microbial growth is inhibited by ionophores
• Substrates may be limiting due to digestive
  changes

Morehead and Dawson Appl Env Micro 581617-1623,
1992 Mackintosh et al , J. Anim Feed Sci
11399-401, 2002 Ruiz et al. JDS 841717-1727,
1997 Mwenya et al., Anim Feed Sci Technol
11819-30. 2005
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Fat Hydrogenation

• Hydrogen producing bugs are less abundant
• Decreased fat hydrogenation
• Increased partially hydrogenated fatty acids

Kim et al., J.agric Food Chem 164258-4262,
2003 Duffield et al, JDS 864161-4166,
2003 Kennelly et al. Proc West. Dairy Nutr Conf.,
1997 Mutsvangwa et al, JDS 864043-4046,2003
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Methane Production

• Rumensin eliminates many bacterial that produce
  hydrogen
• Methane production is reduced by 4-30
• Average reduction is 15

Wallace and Chesson, Feed Compounder May 1996
p12-14 McBride, Proc Ionophore Sym 1997 Faichney
et al., Aust J Agric Res 501083-1089,1999
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Lower Lactate/More Propionate

• Rumen pH regulation
• Maintenance of blood glucose
• Reduced levels of NEFA
• Lower non-infectious lameness

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Lactic Acidosis
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Lactic Acidosis
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Laminitis
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The Importance of Propionate

• Propionate saves energy
• Uses hydrogen, so that it is not available for
  methane (4-30)
• Acetate releases a carbon- CO2
• Propionate is a glucose precursor
• Helps to fight ketosis
• Reduces fat mobilization

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Early Lactation Subclinical Ketosis
Green et al., JDS 82333-342, 1999
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Early Lactation Subclinical Ketosis
Duffield et al., JDS 862866-2873, 1998
Control
Monensin
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Disease Costs !
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Net Effects of Rumensin on Production

• Increased milk production (1 - 4 lb)
• Lower milk fat (0 - .4 units)
• Lower protein (0 - .1 units)
• Decreased dry matter intake (0 - 4 lb)
• Improved feed efficiency (3 - 8)

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Using Rumensin to IncreaseMilk Production

• Works best with better conditioned cows
• More effective with cows of high genetic merit

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Milk Yield and BCS (CRC Bolus)
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Using Rumensin andmaintaining milk fat

• Introduce gradually
• Increase options
• Maintain NSC
• Maintain physical fiber
• Reduce unsaturated, unprotected fat
• Risk higher in mid-late lactation
• Do not judge too quickly

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Diet and Milk Fat Percentage
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Using Rumensin and Maintaining Milk Protein

• Introduce gradually
• Improve options
• Use an amino acid balancing program
• Less microbial protein yield
• Avoid unsaturated fatty acids

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Using Rumensin and Maintaining DMI

• Introduce gradually
• Avoid high levels of unsaturated fatty acids
• Bactericidal
• Less available energy in the rumen

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Changes in Feed Intake

• Assume that it will be lower
• Adjust vitamins and minerals to lower intakes
• High unsaturated fat can further reduce DMI
• Use protected or saturated fats

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ForageConcentrate Ratio
Ramanzin et al, JDS 801136-1142, 1997
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Interaction with Other Components

• Yeasts
• BST
• HMB
• Choline

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Yeast Mode of Action

• Helps the rumen population deal with to stress
• Provides nutrients that may be limiting in the
  rumen, and permits organisms to grow
• May help maintain milk protein production

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BST

• No reports of both in lactating cows
• Not permitted in Canada
• Seem to function independently

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HMB

• May be a useful source of sulfur for fiber
  digesting microbes
• May not increase milk fat if depression is due to
  fatty acids

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Choline

• Effects of choline and Rumensin are similar in
  transition cows
• Appear to be able to use both for enhanced
  benefits

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Reproduction

• Many studies have been conducted
• No net benefit or detriment

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Reproduction
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First AI Conception Rate
Heuer et al., JDS 841085-1097, 2001
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Adaptation

• Elanco data
• Beef data
• Environmental bug population

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Cost or Benefit?

• Costs
• Possible lower milk fat /protein
• Formulation considerations
• Cost of the product
• Benefits
• Potential additional milk
• Better milk/feed
• Reduced sub-acute acidosis symptoms, subclinical
  ketosis and laminitis

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Handling Considerations

• Some Rumensin is absorbed, then returned to the
  gut via bile
• LD50 for cattle is 20 - 40X feeding rate
• LD50 for horses is about 1.5 mg/kg BW
• LD50 dogs is about 10 - 20 mg/kg
• Follow handling instructions

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Thank You!