PATENTS ON SEXING SPERM

1
(No Transcript)
2
(No Transcript)
3
(No Transcript)
4
(No Transcript)
5
(No Transcript)
6
(No Transcript)
7
PATENTS ON SEXING SPERM ? More than 10
patents ? Most procedures no more efficacious
than folk methods 2 millennia ago
8
BELTSVILLE SPERM SEXING TECHNOLOGY ? Patent
holder USDA ? Inventor Lawrence
Johnson ? Non-human sperm exclusive license to
XY, Inc. ? Human sperm exclusive license to
Genetics and IVF
9
(No Transcript)
10
(No Transcript)
11
(No Transcript)
12
(No Transcript)
13
(No Transcript)
14
(No Transcript)
15
Problem sperm are paddle-shaped Accurate
measurement flat orientation to laser Flattened
needle ribbon of fluid
16
Discard non-viable sperm Discard poorly-oriented
sperm Discard sperm that overlap in DNA
fluorescence Discard drops that contain X and Y
sperm
17
(No Transcript)
18
(No Transcript)
19
(No Transcript)
20
SORT RATES LIVE X-SPERM90 ACCURACY Median 20
x 106/hr Maximum 35 x 106/hr
21
SPERM INSULTS ? Waiting to be sorted ? High
concentration H33342 ? High laser power ? Exit at
80 km/hour ? Very high dilution ? Centrifuge to
concentrate ? Cryopreservation
22
(No Transcript)
23
(No Transcript)
24
(No Transcript)
25
SEMEN FROZEN IN HOMOGENIZED MILK, ET SHEATHS,
BOTH HORNS 2-Mo.Sperm no. (n)
Preg. rate () LS mean 200,000 152 54 51
500,000 170 68 66 10,000,000 153 6
7 64 Colorado State University, Fort
Collins, CO
26
(No Transcript)
27
(No Transcript)
28
(No Transcript)
29
(No Transcript)
30
(No Transcript)
31
Sexed, Frozen Semen Pregnancy Rates 6 Trials AI
into Uterine Body 1 or 1.5 x 106 sexed
sperm 98/176, 56 3 x 106 sexed sperm 88/171,
51 20 x 106 control sperm 124/183, 68
32
Sexed, Frozen Semen Pregnancy Rates 5 Trials
1 or 1.5 x 106 70/163, 43 sexed sperm,
body 1 or 1.5 x 106 85/158, 54 sexed
sperm, horn 20 x 106 control 79/128,
62 sperm, body
33
Timing of AI and Pregnancy Rates, Sexed
Sperm 0.5 day 266/586, 45.4 1.0 day 203/414,
49.0
34
Recent Field Trial Holstein Heifers(3 bulls, 2
inseminators) Treatment No. pregnant 2
x 106 sperm sexed 179 56 10 x 106 sperm
sexed 180 62 10 x 106 sperm, control
88 61 Schenk et al., 2005
35
LACTATING BEEF COWS2-Month Pregnancy
Rates No. ()Treatment No.
sperm pregnant Control, frozen 20 x 106
15/21 (71)a body Sexed, frozen, 3 x 106
23/42 (55)ab body Sexed, frozen 3 x 106
19/42 (45)b horns ab P 36
Lactating Dairy Cows Selected at
AI Sperm treatment N preg
female 2 x 106 sexed 57 37 91 10 x 106
sexed 57 40 95 10 x 106 control 58
53 52 Schenk et al., 2006
37
SIMILAR FERTILITY Sexed frozen vs unfrozen 1-1.5
vs 3 x 106 sexed, frozen sperm Horn vs body AI
4 of 5 trials 12 vs 24 h post-estrus AI Among
bulls with excellent semen Among well-trained
inseminators
38
Superovulation of Angus Cows and Heifers
No. No. good flushes fertilized
embryos 2 x 106 sexed 30 40a 3.3a sperm
10 x 106 sexed 30 49a 4.1a sperm 40 x
106 control 29 69b 8.7b sperm ab P 39
Accuracy of Sexing Sperm 89 N 1,036 calves born
40
Normality of Calves from Sexed Sperm Se
xed Control No.a 1158 787Abortion
rate () 4.5 5.0Gestation length (3)
279 279Neonatal death () 3.5 4.0Calvin
g ease score 1.22 1.23Birth weight
(kg) 33.9 34.1Live at weaning ()
91.7 91.5Weaning weight (kg) 239 241 a
N were lower for some responses.
41
(No Transcript)
42
Sex Differences in Calves Male Female
Number 695 1,250 Birth weight (kg)
35.2a 32.8b Weaning weight (kg) 247a
234b Calving ease (1-4) 1.30a
1.15b Gestation length (d) 279.6 a
278.4b Death of calves () 8.9 7.8 ab
P 43
(No Transcript)
44
(No Transcript)
45
(No Transcript)
46
(No Transcript)
47
(No Transcript)
48
(No Transcript)
49
CURRENT DAIRY CATTLE BREEDING Objective Prod
uct Herd replacements -- 40 females
(ideal)breed 80 of herd 40 males
(by-product)with dairy semen Meat production
-- 10 females (by-product)breed 20 of
herd 10 males (ideal)with beef semen
50
(No Transcript)
51
(No Transcript)
52
LENGTHENED LACTATION PROGRAM Many problems at
parturition BST makes longer lactations
profitable Programs averaging ?2 calves/lifetime
require sex control
53
(No Transcript)
54
Status of Commercialization XY, Inc. owns /
controls patents Genetic Resources
International Select Sires Pricing unclear
55
Monsanto Technology 16 nozzle sorter Currently
field trials Genex Alta Pricing unclear
56
Countries Producing Sexed Semen
CommerciallyUnited KingdomArgentinaSwitzerland
JapanMexicoBrazilUnited StatesCanadaChina
57
(No Transcript)
58
DISTORTED SEX RATIOS IVF 55 males Older
cows 53 males AI or natural mating 51 males