Age of Imperialism 1800 1914

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Age of Imperialism1800 - 1914
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• Storyteller on page 702
• Clash of cultures
• In India, British schools taught English and
  required students to adapt Christianity

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Imperialism had 3 key factors

• Nationalism
• Religious, racial and cultural superiority
• Industrial Revolution
• Raw materials
• Expanded markets

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• Once begun --- quest for colonies continued with
  intensity and did not seem to have limits or
  rules.

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• Colonies needed people who were loyal to the
  imperialist country.
• Needed citizens to run the colonies and keep them
  productive.
• European leaders urged citizens to move to
  colonies.

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The Sun Never Set On The British Empire

• Africa, Asia and the Pacific
• People saw the chance to make money and to make
  themselves famous.
• Cecil Rhodes Rhodesia (Zimbabwe) made his
  fortune in gold and diamond mining.

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Some saw inspiration in

• Humanitarian issues
• Religion --- Catholic and Protestant
• Technology
• Customs
• Traditions

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• Some believed Christianity and Western
  civilization would transform the world.
• Would civilize the world
• People would have to reject old ways
• Learn European languages and adapt Western
  lifestyles

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Social Darwinism

• Used to explain European dominance
• White Europeans were the fittest
• European duty to spread lifestyle to the
  backwards people
• The White Mans Burden Rudyard Kipling

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Variety of ways to gain land

• Treaty
• Purchase
• Conquer

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Colony

• Territory ruled directly by an imperialist nation.

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Protectorate

• Had its own government but foreign officials
  guided its policies --- especially in foreign
  affairs.

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Sphere of Influence

• Region in which imperialist power held exclusive
  investment or trading rights.

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How did you decide which form to use?

• What are your intentions?
• What is the size of the area?
• How many people are in the area?
• The main idea was to give firm control over the
  conquered area.

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Section 2Africa
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• Europeans knew little about Africa beyond its
  coasts
• David Livingstone was an African explorer
• He was a Scottish doctor missionary
• He sent back reports to Great Britian

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Dr. Livingstone, I presume

• Henry Stanley British journalist and explorer
  sent to find Livingstone
• Generates new interest in Africa

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Scramble for Africa1880 - 1914

• 1885 14 nations met in Berlin to partition
  this magnificent African cake
• By 1914, European nations controlled 90 of Africa

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North Africa

• Muslim
• Middle Eastern
• Largely connected to Europe

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• French aimed at colonizing Algeria
• Took about 10 years before 100,000 French troops
  finally beat the Algerians
• About 1 million French will settle in North
  Africa during the years of colonization

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Egypt

• Egyptian leader --- Muhammad Ali
• Ali carried out building projects with European
  financial assistance
• Debts increased --- European influence increased
• Between 1859 1869 a French company built the
  Suez Canal

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• Egypt sold some of its holdings in the canal
  company to Britain to pay off its debts
• Worsening Egyptian financial situation gave
  Britain a reason to send in its military
• 1882 Britain forces enter Egypt --- becomes a
  protectorate

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• Britain next looks to Sudan to secure its
  southern flank
• France also wants Sudan
• France and England go to the brink of war
• Compromise England gets Sudan and France gets
  Morocco

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• Libya was the last country in North Africa to be
  conquered by the Europeans
• Formerly named Tripoli
• Conquered by Italy

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West Africa

• Explored as early as 1400s
• Trading posts along the coasts
• Became a source of slave trade
• Also exchanged natural goods for European
  manufactured goods
• Many West Africans reluctantly accepted
  agreements with Europeans that gave them limited
  self-rule under supervision

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Liberia

• Established by freed American slaves
• Becomes an independent republic in 1847
• Got support from the United States which
  discouraged Europeans from trying to settle it

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Central East Africa

• Belgiums King Leopold II claimed the Congo as
  his own private property
• Leopold stripped the Congo of many people and
  resources
• In 1908 he gave it to the Belgian government for
  a large loan

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Ethiopia

• Only nation to remain independent in East Africa
• Italians tried to conquer Ethiopia but failed
• Ethiopia and Liberia were only nations to
  completely escape European dominance during the
  Age of Imperialism

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South Africa

• Dutch settlers established Cape Town
• Dutch settlers Afrikaners
• British seized Cape Colony
• Afrikaners resented British, especially laws
  against enslaving the Africans
• British called them Boers Dutch word for farmer
• Constitution of Transvaal page 711

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Section 3Asia

• Earliest knowledge
• Description of the World
• Marco Polo -- 1298

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India

• In 1500s and 1600s the Europeans opened trade
  with India
• East India Co. came to control most of India by
  1857
• Seapoys rebelled tired of forced conversions
  and customs

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• Seapoy rebellion lasted about a year and forced
  tighter control over India
• 1858 East India Co. dissolved and viceroy
  placed in charge of its territory
• Tried to stop rebellion by investing money in the
  economic development of India
• Paved roads, rail systems, telegraph lines,
  irrigation canals, schools and universities

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• India told to grow cotton --- not wheat
• Hunger killed millions in the 1800s
• Why grow cotton?

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China

• In the 1500s China was very advanced
• Middle Kingdom
• Showed little interest in Europeans
• Became increasingly weak

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• British smuggled in opium in exchange for Chinese
  goods
• Troops tried to stop the trade failed war
  then broke out
• British won Opium Wars
• Unequal treaties are formed with China

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• Many nations force China into unequal treaties
• China became much weaker
• Map on page 715
• U.S. fails to gain a sphere of influence
• U.S. pushes Open Door policy

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Boxer Rebellion

• Anti-foreign groups were working on ways to drive
  out imperialist powers
• Boxers were one such group
• Gained strength from belief in Chinese tradition
  and rituals as well as dislike of foreigners

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• Killed several hundred foreigners and thousands
  of Chinese Christians
• Foreign nations formed combined armies
• Boxers were crushed in a few weeks

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• Sun Yat-Sen became the first President of new
  Republic of China in 1911

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Japan

• 1st made contact in 1500s
• Had no real interest in the Europeans
• Japan stops trade until 1853
• Commodore Perry sails into Edo

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• Japan signs many unequal treaties
• Shoguns are replaced with new leaders called
  Meiji
• Wanted to compete with foreign powers
• Military, education, industry

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Industry

• Japan industrialized with little outside help
• Japan did not borrow from the West
• By 1914 Japan had become one of the worlds
  leading industrial nations

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Japan as a world power

• Japan begins to form its own empire Korea first
• Sino-Japanese War Japan defeats China for
  control of Korea
• Russo-Japanese War Defeat of Russia for control
  in Asia
• Showed that European powers could be beaten

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Southeast Asia

• Geography
• Size of colonization varied but many nations
  claimed territory
• Indonesia Dutch East Indies
• Spain - Philippines

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• Filipino discontent with Spain became a
  possibility for the United States
• United States gains the Philippines in the
  Spanish-American War
• Philippines became an American colony

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• Britain and France compete on mainland of
  Southeast Asia
• Britain was dominant in Burma and Malaya
• France was dominant in Indochina
• Siam remains independent

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Section 4

• Imperialism in the Americas
• Quote on page 721

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Monroe Doctrine

• United States does not want strong European
  powers close to its borders
• In 1823, President James Monroe warns European
  powers not to interfere in countries of the
  Western Hemisphere

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• 1. American continents are not to be considered
  as subjects for future colonization by any
  European powers
• 2. Any attempt to enter Western Hemisphere
  should be considered as dangerous to our peace
  and safety

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Roosevelt Corollary

• 1904 Teddy Roosevelt
• United States government would actively
  intervene to force Latin American countries to
  honor foreign debt

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Spanish-American War

• Cuba revolts against Spain
• Conditions were horrible
• 400,000 died in prison camps from disease and
  starvation
• United States newspapers had stories of these
  atrocities
• Business interests were threatened

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Remember the Maine!

• Explodes while in Havana Harbor
• Ship sinks and 260 Americans are killed
• 1898 President McKinley asks Congress to
  declare war on Spain
• Lasts 4 months
• Philippines, Guam and Puerto Rico become American
  territories

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Panama Canal

• Becomes important to establish the United States
  as a 2-ocean country
• In 1903 Panama was part of Colombia
• TRs government gets people of Panama to revolt
  against Colombia
• US Navy prevents Colombia from landing troops
• New Republic of Panama grants US the right to
  build the Panama Canal