Chapter 11 2 Urban systems and urban structures

1
Chapter 11 -2 Urban systems and urban structures

• Competitive Bidding for Land
• Usable land are scarce commodity. Rent-paying
  ability to allocate the land usage. Ideally, the
  most desirable and efficient location where the
  max possible interchange could be achieved. The
  attractiveness of a parcel is rated by its
  relative accessibility to all other land uses of
  the city. (store - customers, residents...)
  Convergence of the city core make it more
  accessible. 11.2 shows the transit junction
  points are more desirable than others.
• Urban land use pattern 11.23
• Population density pattern (11.24)- shows a
  comparable distance decay arrangement with one
  important variation (hollow at the center)
• As pop grows, second center competing for
  customers and industry, high-speed transportation
  available. (11.25)

2
Models of Urban Land Use Structure

• Concentric zone model (11.26a) - explain the
  sociological patterning of American cities in
  20s. 4 residential rings -a) lower-class b)
  independent working class homes c) single-family
  wealthy,afford the longer commute. d) Just
  emerging commuters zone when this model was
  proposed.
• Sector Model (11.26b)
• Filtering Down process. High-rent residential
  areas are dominant in city expansion and grow
  outward from the center of the city along major
  arterials.
• Middle-income housing sectors lie adjacent to the
  high-rent areas, and low-income residents occupy
  the remaining sectors of growth.
• Fig 11.27 shows the Calgary (Canada) in sector
  model
• Multiple-nuclei model (11.26c)
• large cities developed by peripheral spread from
  several nodes of growth (LA)

3
Social Areas of Cities

• The larger and more economically and socially
  complex cities are, the stronger is the tendency
  for their residents to segregate themselves into
  groups based on social status, family status, and
  ethnicity.
• In US, high status - high income, college
  education, prof/managerial job and high house
  value.
• Social status patterning agrees with the sector
  model. Fig 11.28 and 11.29
• Family Status - Dist. from the center increases
  -gt avg. age of the adult declines and the size of
  their family increases.
• Ethnicity - cultural segregation - more black in
  segregated neighborhoods in 90 than in 80 in
  large cities. South and West are much less
  segregated than those of the NE and Midwest

4
Governmental Controls

• US - emphasize has been on land use planning,
  subdivision control and zoning ordinances, and
  building, health, and safety codes.
• To minimize incompatibilities, public service
  locations waste disposal facilities..
• Criticized as devices to exclude from
  upper-income areas lower-income populations or
  those who would choose to build or occupy other
  forms of residences government housing
  projects..
• Most Asia area without zoning practices - variety
  of building types from different eras.

5
Suburbanization in the U.S.

• Improvement of the automobile , 40-hour weekly
  hours, New Deal programs guaranteed mortgage, and
  veterans benefit programs
• Between 50 and 70 - Metropolitanization and
  suburbanization.
• Modern urban models (11.31) high-income
  residential use continued their outward extension
  beyond the central city limits, usurping the most
  scenic and most desirable suburban areas and
  segregating them by price and zoning
  restrictions.
• By 90s, suburban centers become self-support out
  cities, performs many tertiary and quaternary
  services - edge cities - galactic galaxies of
  economic activity nodes organized primarily
  across the freeway systems (11.32)

6
Central City Change

• 20th Century - two city patterns and problems 1)
  Constricted Central Cities - older and city and
  suburbs, unable to expand and absorb the new
  growth areas on their margins and to maintain the
  balanced, profitable economic and social base
  originally theirs. redistribution of population
  caused by suburbanization resulted not only in
  the spatial but also in the political segregation
  of social groups of the metropolitan area. The
  service needed to support the poor include
  welfare payments, social workers, extra police
  and fire protection, health delivery systems, and
  subsidized housing. But central city are unable
  to support such needs 2) Expanding Central Cities
  - new U.S. cities developed in the automobile
  era, faced problems of providing infrastructure,
  services and environmental protection to an
  even-more sprawled residential and functional
  base.

7
Gentrification

• Gentrification - the rehabilitation of housing in
  the oldest and now deteriorated inner-city areas
  by middle- and high-income groups (11.34) (from
  Boston to Savannah,Georgia)
• Milwaukee built a riverside walk and attracted
  50 million investment.
• Denvers LoDo
• Cabbagetown in Atlanta
• Chatham Arch in Indianapolis

8
Expanding Central Cities

• 90 of westerners live in city in 2000. (11.35)
• Six of 10 fastest growing U.S. metro areas are in
  the West.
• Speed and volume of growth generated concerns
  central cities can support infrastructure service
  from unrestricted growth.
• Increasingly, central cities and metro areas of E
  and West are seeking to restrain rather than
  encourage physical growth. Oregon drew a do not
  pass line around itself in the late 70s,
  prohibiting urban conversion of surrounding
  forests, farmlands, and open space.
• Smart growth program in Colorado, Delaware,
  Minnesota, and Washington.

9
Anglo American City

• Canadian cities are more compact, higher density
  of building and people and lesser degree of
  suburbanization of population and functions.
  (11.36) (Canadians are 2.5 times more dependent
  on public transit than are Americans in city).
  1/4 the number of miles of expressway lanes per
  capita as US metropolises.
• Greater social stability in Canadian cities,
  higher income more retention of shopping
  facilities, more employment opportunities and
  urban amenities.
• Less competition form edge cities in Canadian
  metro areas.

10
West European City

• Heritage of medieval origin, Renaissance
  restructurings, and industrial period extensions
  has given to the cities of W Europe features
  distinctly different from those of cities in
  other regions founded by European immigrants
• More compact and take less area than American
  cities most are apartment dwellers, narrow
  street no yards.
• No suburban sprawl.
• Low skylines (11.37)
• Well-developed public transportation (subway).
  Auto is not universal need in Europe as in the
  U.S.
• 11.38 - historical core middle class,
  self-employed, and the older generation of
  skilled artisans share limited space with
  preserved historic buildings, monuments and
  tourist attractions.

11
East European City

• Compact with high buildings and pop. density,
  with a sharp break between urban and rural land
  uses on its margins. Depended nearly exclusively
  on public transit.
• Land use determined by government not market.
• Central Cultural District (CCD) reserved for
  public use, nearby space was provided for
  recreational and commemorative park.
• Microdistricts (residential areas) - uniform
  apartment blocks housing 10,000 to 15,000
  persons, surrounded by broad boulevards (11.39a)
• Market driven pattern will emerge later.

12
Cities in Developing World

• Experienced disproportionate population
  concentrations in capitals. Primate cities
  dominate urban systems. Pop. attracted to cities
  from rural. Squatter districts accommodate
  increasing immigrants from rural - create an
  inverse concentric zone pattern where the elite
  and upper class reside in central areas and
  social status declines with increasing distance
  from the center. (models in 11.43)

13
The Asian and African City

• Colonial cities (British colonists built
  Calcutta, Mumbai, Nairobi and Harare French
  built Saigon, Dakar in Senegal and Bangui in the
  Central African Republic Dutch in Jarkarta and
  Shanghai)
• Southeast Asian City (11.43a)
• South Asian City (11.43b) colonial-based city
• South Asian City (11.43c) bazaar city
• Asian City From 2000 to 2020, urban pop increase
  from 1.2 to 2.3 billion predicted.
• Asian government encourage establishment of
  intermediate-sized cities.

14
African Cities

• Less easily generalized. The least urbanized
  segment of the developing world in Sub-Saharan
  Africa with fastest urban growth rate.
• Future urban expansion comes from rural to urban
  migration and the incorporation of villages into
  spreading metropolitan complexes.
• European colonists created new centers of
  administration and exploitation like Asian
  colonized cities.
• Spatial contrasts in social geography are great.
  Ethnically-based subdivisions are seen.

15
Cities in Africa
Traditional cities mostly in Muslim zone
Kano, Kaduna, Zaria
Dakar
Kinshasa, Nairobi and Harare (inland) Dakar,
Abidjan, Luanda, Maputo (coast)
Zaria
Kaduna
Abidjan
Nairobi
Colonized cities
Kinshasa
Lunda
Western (European American)
Johannesburg, Cape Town and Durban
Maputo
Cape Town
Durban
16
One-story traditional building
open-air informal market zone
Squatter settlement
17
Latin American City

• City Life - the culture norm in Latin America.
  Mostly live in primate cities. (11.43d)
• Most jobs in downtown. Lives in city or edges
  commuting to work.
• Two parts - modernized CBD and traditional
  market segment of small, street-oriented
  business and shops.
• Spine - continuation of the features of the
  city center outward along the main wide boulevard
  (upper-middle-class housing) - connecting to the
  mall (at the end of the elite commercial spine).
  A ring highway (periferico) - connect the mall
  and developing industrial parks
• Three established residential districts arranged
  in concentric rings around the core. Opposite of
  many US cities.
• Barrios and Favelas (slums) - on the outskirts of
  the city. Upgrading house in the zone of in situ
  accretion when times are good.