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INTRODUCTION

• Water is essential for human existence and
  development.
• Access to water is a basic human right.
• Non-access to water is a silent crisis
  experienced by the poor.

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INTRODUCTION

• The crisis is not about absolute physical
  shortages of water.
• The water and sanitation deficits incur immense
  human development costs.
• Closing the gaps between trends and targets will
  need broad strategies.

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CENTRAL THEME

• Water for life,water for livelihoods.

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Water for Life

• People need water without it, life could not
  exist.
• People need clean water and sanitation to sustain
  their health and dignity.

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Water for Livelihoods.

• Water sustains ecological systems and provides an
  input into the production systems that provide
  and maintain livelihoods.

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OTHER SUB-THEMES

• The crisis in water and sanitation.
• Water for human consumption.
• The sanitation deficit.
• Water, vulnerability risk.
• Water and agriculture.
• Transboundary waters.

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SITUATIONER
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• Today
• 1.1 billion people lack access to water
• 85 of the richest 20 of the population have
  access to water while only 25 of the poorest 20
  have.
• The perverse reality in much of the developing
  world is that the poorest people get less water,
  and they also pay some of the worlds highest
  prices.
• 2.6 billion people lack access to sanitation
• Inequality is a central part of the story.

• Implications for human development
• The lack of water and sanitation leads to
  diminished opportunities to realize peoples
  capabilities and human potential.

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Additional facts

• By 2025 more than 3 billion people could be
  living in water-stress countries and 14
  countries will slip from water stress to water
  scarcity.
• The share of the population of Sub-Saharan Africa
  living in water stress countries will rise from
  30 to 85.
• In the Arab States, average water availability
  will fall by more than a quarter.
• High population countries such as China and India
  will be entering the global water-stress league.

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Additional facts

• On average, only about 1 person in 3 in South
  Asia and in Sub-Saharan Africa has access in
  Ethiopia, it is 1 in 7.

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Transboundary waters

• There are 263 international basins.
• More than 40 of the worlds population live
  within transboundary basins.
• The number of countries in shared basins is 145.
• Sub Saharan Africa is the region that better
  demonstrates the realities of hydrological
  interdependence.
• Azerbaijan, Croatia, Latvia, Slovakia, Ukraine
  and Uzbekistan receive between 50 to 75 of
  their water from outside their borders.
• Hungary, Moldova, Serbia and Montenegro and
  Turkmenistan receive more than 75.

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Water security in the context of human security

• Over the past 50 years there has been 37 cases of
  reported violence among countries because of
  water. All but 7 of those cases took place in the
  Middle East.
• Over the same period more than 200 treaties were
  negotiated.

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THE CRISIS
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Two aspects of the global water crisis

• Water for life
• Delivering clean water, removing wastewater and
  providing sanitation are foundations for human
  progress.
• Costs of not putting in the foundations.
• Strategies needed to bring universal access to
  water sanitation.

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Two aspects of the global water crisis

• Water for livelihoods.
• Water as a productive resource and challenges
  faced by governments to manage water equitably
  efficiently.

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Human cost of the crisis

• Some 1.8 million children die each year as a
  result of diarrhoeawhich is 4,900 deaths a day.
  This is equivalent to the under-five population
  in London and New York combined.
• Deaths for diarrhoea in 2004 were about six times
  greater than the average annual deaths in armed
  conflict for the 1990s.
• The loss of 443 million school days each year
  from water-related illness.
• Millions of women spending up to four hours a day
  collecting water.
• Almost 50 percent of all people in developing
  countries are suffering at any given time from a
  health problem caused by water and sanitation
  deficits.
• Lifecycles of disadvantage.

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The costs of non-cooperation

• Environmental disasters
• Externalities and free riders
• Lake Chad
• Aral Sea
• Threats to livelihoods
• Dependence on agriculture and irrigation
  Tigris-Euphrates, Central Asia
• Fisheries Mekong, Lake Victoria

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Above all, this is a crisis of the poor
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THE CHALLENGES
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• The issue of scarcity
• Viewed at the global level, there is more than
  enough water to go around and meet everyones
  needs
• So why does scarcity remain a problem?
• Because water is unequally distributed between
  and within countries
• Because scarcity in many cases has been induced
  by policy failures

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Water stress and water scarcity
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Water stress and water scarcity
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Water for human consumption

• The debate over the relative merits of public and
  private sector has been a distraction from the
  inadequate performance of both private water
  providers to overcome the global water deficit.
• Inequalities based on wealth, and location, play
  a central role in structuring water markets.
• Water pricing reflects a simple perverse
  principle the poorer you are, the more you pay.
• The diversity in public-private partnerships
  cautions against lumping all private sector
  involvement under the general heading of
  privatization.
• Regulation is critical to the progressive
  realization of the human right to water.

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The water divide

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The water divide

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Managing water competition in agriculture

• Despite rapid urbanization, most of the worlds
  poor still live in rural areas. Small farmers and
  agricultural laborers account for the bulk of
  global malnutrition.
• As the biggest user of water in most countries,
  irrigated agriculture is coming under acute
  pressure.
• Thus, the role of these systems in increasing
  productivity whilst feeding a growing population
  presents a major human development challenge.

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Transboundary waters

• Water is a source of human interdependenceit is
  a shared resource serving multiple constituencies
  within and between countries.
• Water has the potential to fuel wider conflicts
  but also to act as a bridge for cooperation.
• Two challenges replacing unilateral action with
  multilateral cooperation and putting human
  development at the centre of trans boundary
  cooperation.

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The core challenge in water governance is to
realign use with demand at levels that maintain
the integrity of the environment
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The sanitation divide
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Why does sanitation lag so far behind?

• The national policy barrier sanitation, if
  ever, does not figure prominently on the national
  political agenda.
• The behavior barrier households tend to attach
  higher priority to water than to sanitation.
• The perception barrier households often view
  better sanitation as a private amenity with
  private benefits rather than a public
  responsibility.
• The poverty barrier Nearly 1.4 billion people
  without sanitation live on less than 2 a day.
• The gender barrier women place higher value on
  access to private sanitation facilities but have
  weaker voice.
• The supply barrier products designed without
  reference to community needs and priorities and
  delivered through unaccountable government
  agencies have low uptake rates.

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Global Warming the predictable emergency

• For a large share of the worlds poor people,
  climate change projections point to less secure
  livelihoods, greater vulnerability to hunger and
  poverty, worsening inequalities and causing more
  environmental degradation.
• Water insecurity linked to climate change
  threatens to increase malnutrition by 75-120
  million people by 2080.
• Staple food production in many Sub-Saharan
  African countries would fall by more than 25 by
  2080.
• Mitigation through incentives to clean technology
  and financing technological transfer is an
  imperative.
• The international response has been weak on
  adaptation.
• Very few countries have included in their PRSPs
  or IWRM documents provisions to face up to the
  challenges caused by climate change.

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THE PROJECTIONS
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Business as usual
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MDG 7 Trends

• In current trends, we will miss the MDG of
  halving those without access to water by 235
  million people.
• 800 million people in total will still lack
  access.
• The sanitation target will be missed by 431
  million people, with 2.1 billion in total still
  without decent sanitation.

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MDG 7 Trends
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With appropriate interventions
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Increased opportunities and diminished risks
Household survey data were used to analyze the
change in the risk profile of households
associated with improvements in water and
sanitation. The findings underline the potential
for upstream water and sanitation interventions
to cut child deaths.
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Increased opportunities and diminished risks
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Managing water competition in agriculture
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Global Warming the predictable emergency

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Water and sanitation the economic windfall of
meeting MDG targets

• If we take action and meet the MDG targets, more
  than 1 million lives could be saved over the next
  decade
• The economic benefits of meeting the MDG targets
  would amount to 38 billion, 15 billion of that
  in sub-Saharan Africa.
• The economic rate of return for each 1 invested
  in achieving the water and sanitation target is
  8.
• Water and sanitation suffer from chronic
  under-funding. Public spending is typically less
  than 0.5 of GDP.

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The proposed interventions
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There are no ready-made blueprints for reform
but four foundations are crucial for success

• Make water a human rightand mean it.
• Draw up national strategies for water and
  sanitation.
• Increase international aid.
• A Global Action Plan.

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THE PROGNOSIS
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Historically

• In London, New York and Paris infectious
  diseases, as diarrhoea, dysentery and typhoid
  fever were rampant.
• Child mortality rates in those cities were as
  high as they are today in parts of Sub-Saharan
  Africa.
• Even with rising incomes from the industrial
  revolution, child mortality and life expectancy
  barely changed.
• The picture improved only after sweeping reforms
  in the water and sanitation sector.

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A great leap from water and sanitation reform
in the 19th century great Britain
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• THE END