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The Winds of Change

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Montenegro: 3,000. TOTAL: 12, 831,004. Germany: 4,216,058. Austria-Hungary: 3,620,000 ... Most humiliating aspects of the treaty was Article 231 which held Germans ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: The Winds of Change


1
The Winds of Change
  • 1918-1939

2
Casualties of WWI
  • Russia 1,700,000
  • France 1,357,800
  • Britain 908,371
  • Italy 650,000
  • US 126,000
  • Japan 300
  • Romania 335,706
  • Serbia 45,000
  • Belgium 13,716
  • Greece 5,000
  • Portugal 7,222
  • Montenegro 3,000
  • TOTAL 12, 831,004
  • Germany 4,216,058
  • Austria-Hungary 3,620,000
  • Turkey 400,000
  • Bulgaria 152,390
  • TOTAL 8,388,448
  • OVERALL TOTAL
  • 21, 219, 452

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TREATY OF VERSAILLES
  • Signed on June 28, 1919
  • WILSONS 14 POINTS
  • LEAGUE OF NATIONS
  • FRENCH AND BRITISH REVENGE
  • GERMANYS HIGH PRICE
  • Germany lost 13 percent of its territory
  • Reparations were fixed in 1921 at 132 billion
    gold marks
  • Disarmament of Germany
  • No tanks, no air force and no submarines
  • Most humiliating aspects of the treaty was
    Article 231 which held Germans responsible for
    causing World War I

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Rise of the Fascists State
  • Fascism
  • The most restrictive definitions of fascism
    include only one government, that of Mussolini in
    Italy. However, the term is frequently applied to
    Nazi Germany under Adolf Hitler

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  • Benito Mussolini Dictator-1922 to 1943. IL
    DUCE
  • Fascism through Terror and propaganda
  • Italian Fascism was an adverse reaction to both
    the perceived failure of laissez-faire economics
    and fear of international Bolshevism

11
Mussolini
  • War against Abyssinia (Ethiopia) in 19351936
  • League of Nations Sanctions
  • 1936-1939-Sided with Germany in Spanish Civil War
  • May 1939 the Pact of Blood Pact of Steel with
    Hitler created the Rome-Berlin Axis
  • November 1936
  • New Roman Empire" stretching east to Palestine
    and south through North Africa.
  • He was unprepared for war when Hitler invaded
    Poland.

12
Weimar Republic
  • Weimar Republic
  • Puppet government of allies
  • Freidrich Ebert
  • Crisis of 1923 Economic Failure
  • 4,200,000,000 marks to the U.S. dollar

13
Fall of the Weimar
  • The Weimar Republic had some of the most serious
    economic problems ever experienced by any Western
    democracy
  • hyperinflation
  • Politically and socially unstable
  • In 1932, about 5 million Germans were unemployed.
    Many blamed the Weimar Republic
  • People felt betrayed by Treaty of Versailles
  • Opposition to the Weimar

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POLITICAL PARTIES OF POSTT WW1 GERMANY FAR LEFT
TO FAR RIGHT
  • KPD-COMMUNIST
  • SPD-SOCIALIST
  • DDP-DEMOCRATIC UPPER MIDDLE CLASS
  • CENTER PARTY-CATHOLICS
  • DVP-PEOPLES PARTY
  • DNVP-CONCERVATIVES-OLD ARISTOCRATS
  • RULE BY COMMITTEE
  • LACK OF MAJORITY
  • REFUSAL TO ACT
  • PRESIDENT BRUNING

15
ADOLF HITLER
  • 1920 BEGAN TO EXPAND THE NAZI PARTY
  • Sturmabteilung or S.A. - Hitler's brown shirted
    storm troopers were used like controlled thugs
    POPULAR WITH COLLEGE AGED MEN
  • 1920 Hitler chose the swastika as the Nazi party
    emblem. 
  • Leader of the Nazi Party by 1921
  • Born on April 20TH 1889 in Braunau-am-Inn,
    Austria.
  • 1914, he volunteered for service in the German
    army and was accepted into the 16th Bavarian
    Reserve Infantry
  • Promoted to corporal and decorated with both the
    Iron Cross Second Class and First Class.

16
  • The Beer Hall Putsch - 1923 
  • November 8th 1923 Hitler led an attempt to take
    over the local Bavarian Government in Munich
  • The coup was not successful
  • End with Hitlers SA men being stopped by Munich
    Police
  • Hitler had fled the scene and was later arrested
    and charged with treason.
  • After his trial for treason he was sentenced to
    five years in Landsberg prison, however he had
    successfully used the trial itself to gain
    publicity for himself and his ideas.
  • While at Landsberg Hitler began dictating his
    thoughts and philosophies to Rudolf Hess which
    became the book "Mein Kampf" (My Struggle). 

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  • December 1924 released
  • Created the infamous SS (Schutzstaffel)
  • Hitler's bodyguard under the leadership of
    Heinrich Himmler. 
  • World Wide Depression
  • President Hindenburg  was forced to dissolve the
    Reichstag and call for new elections.
  • The Nazi Party won 6.4 million votes which made
    them the second largest party in the Reichstag.
  • Nazis Become the Largest Party - 1932 

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WHY THE NAZIS???
  • NATIONAL LOCAL MOVEMENT
  • IRRESPONSIBILITY
  • RHETORIC OF THE PARTY
  • CYNICAL NATURE OF THE PEOPLE AND THE PARTY
  • RISE OF COMMUNIST VOTERS
  • HITLER
  • ACTIVE YOUNG MOVEMENT
  • VIOLENCE APPEAL OF THE SA
  • MASSIVE DEMENSTRATIONS-TRIUMPH OF THE WILL

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  • January 30th, 1933 President Hindenburg appointed
    Hitler Chancellor
  • Nazi Herman Goering was President of the
    Reichstag (German Senate)
  • The Burning of the Reichstag - February 1933 
    Hitler arrested all Communist deputies of the
    Reichstag
  • Nazi Party was to be the only political party
    allowed in Germany.

21
The Night of the Long Knives 1934 
  • Hitler ordered Himmler and Goering to take action
    against the leaders of the SA.
  • June 30, 1934 Himmler's SS and Goering's special
    police arrested and executed the leaders of the
    SA
  • The beginning of the THIRD REICH-1000 YEARS

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  • Heinrich Himmler-Herman Goering
  • Hitlers Henchmen
  • The Attacks killed Former Chancellor Kurt von
    Schleicher-murdered in his doorway
  • This night was the last for many high ranking
    Nazi Officers
  • Ernest Rohm-Head of SA-shot by 2 policemen
  • As most of the SA Brass he was Homosexual
  • This was discovered by Himmler

25
Fuehrer and Reich Chancellor
  • Nazification of Germany
  • Gestapo
  • Spitting in the face of Versailles
  • Hitler Youth
  • Rearming of Germany
  • Resolving economic problems
  • On the verge of War-1935-1939
  • Olympics in Berlin 1936

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Soviet Union
  • Begins with the fall of Imperial Russia
  • The Bolsheviks
  • Vladimir I. Lenin
  • Bread, Land, Peace
  • Leon Trotsky
  • Joseph Stalin

29
Lenin and Stalin
30
  • Lenin dies in Jan 1924 a power struggle in sues
    between Trotsky and Stalin
  • Trotsky is arrested exiled

Trotsky is murdered In Mexico
31
STALIN AND THE USSR
  • Stalin's rule was characterized by a strong Cult
    of Personality
  • Extreme concentration of power, and little
    concern for the harsh consequences of strict
    policies
  • Red Purges
  • No Body, No Problem
  • Roughly 20 million Russians die on his watch

32
  • Head of Politburo
  • Collectivization
  • Gulag forced labor camps
  • Kulaks
  • wealthy Russians who refused Collectivization
  • NEP- 5 year plans
  • Ruled by absolute fear
  • Enemies of the People
  • Family of Enemies of the People
  • GUGB-instrument of ethnic cleansing and
    genocide

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  • The following ethnic groups were deported
    completely or partially Ukrainians, Poles,
    Koreans, Volga Germans, Crimean Tatars, Kalmyks,
    Chechens, Ingush, Balkars, Karachays, Meskhetian
    Turks, Finns, Bulgarians, Greeks, Armenians,
    Latvians, Lithuanians, Estonians. Large numbers
    of Kulaks, regardless of their nationality, were
    resettled to Siberia and Central Asia.

34
  • Believed that war with Germany could be avoided
  • By 1936-1937 the massive Soviet Union was
    prepared for war, but not ready to fight
  • Stalin will make his greatest mistake and trust
    Hitler

35
THE LAND OF THE RISING SUN
  • By 1874 the Japanese military began to conquer
    surrounding lands
  • By 1895 they were recognized by the world as a
    serious power in Asia
  • Russo-Japanese War
  • Within 16 months Japan had sunk much of the
    Russian Navy and gained territories in Manchuria
    and Korea through the Treaty of Portsmouth in
    1905.
  • In 1922 England cut her allegiances with Japan
    both the United States and Great Britain saw
    Japans navy as a threat to their naval dominance

36
  • July 7, 1937, Japanese troops and warships poured
    into China
  • They occupied Peking and Shanghai. In December
    1937 they took Nanjing, the Kuomintang capital.
  • Crowded with refugees, the Nationalists abandoned
    Nanjing to its fate at the hands of the Japanese.
  • Over a period of six weeks, hundreds of thousands
    of Chinese were killed, women were raped, and the
    city sacked in what became known as the Rape of
    Nanjing.

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  • War with China begins 1937
  • Need for Resources hatred of Chinese
  • Felt Those who surrendered were cowards
  • Did not follow normal rules for treatment of
    civilians and POWs
  • Forced Chinese and Korean women to become
    COMFORT WOMEN for soldiers.
  • Many of the great atrocities of war were
    committed by the Japanese.

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World War I Impact on the West
  • Isolationism
  • Nationalism
  • Alliances
  • Fear of another global conflict
  • Rise of communism
  • Americas Roaring 20s
  • Separated by an Ocean

47
POST WW I AMERICA
  • ROARING 20S
  • ECONOMIC BOOM
  • THE LOST GENERATION
  • ECONOMICS ON THE EDGE

48
GREAT DEPRESSION
  • HIT OCT. 29, 1929 AND THROWS THE WORLD INTO A
    TALESPIN
  • FDR
  • NEW DEAL
  • REBUILDING A STRUGGLING NATION
  • FEAR OF COMMUNISM
  • RISE OF SOCIALISM
  • TOO MANY QUESTIONS
  • RESOURCES FOR THE WORLD???

49
  • THE STAGE IS SET AND THE PLAYERS ARE IN PLACE WHO
    WILL BE THE FIRST TO ACT
  • LET THE CHESS MATCH FOR WORLD CONQUEST BEGIN
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