Improved conservation and use of diversity through spatial analysis

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Improved conservation and use of diversity
through spatial analysis Examples from Sudan
and Burkina Faso By Isaiah Mukema, El Tahir
Mohammed and Mahamadou Sawadogo
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• GIS is an acronym that stands for
  GeographicInformation Systems.
• Geographic - means that the locations of
  aphenomenon are known, or can be calculated in
  terms geographic coordinates (longitude,
  latitude), proximity measures, distance etc
• Information - implies that data in a GIS data are
  organized to yield useful information - maps
  andimages, statistical/model graphics, tables,
  and various on-screen responses to interactive
  queries.
• System - implies that GIS is made up of
  severalinterrelated and linked components with
  differentbut complementary functions

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Accept data
Process data
Display data
Analyze andinterpret data
Intermediateprocessed results
Information for decision makers

• the data must have a locational component
• ability to integrate, manipulate and analyze
  data from diverse sources, as individual and or
  multiple layers
• takes advantage of methodological advancements
  made from continuing research in quantitative
  techniques in geosciences
• has elegant display tools

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THE USE AND VALUE OF GIS IN PGR

• The value of any information system arises out of
  the usefulness of its resultant information
  products

Information is an answer to (a) question(s)
These questions arise in the context of
problem-solving (discharge of managerialfunction
s)
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What are these managerial functions/questions?

• PGR object system
• Conservation and use
• Exploration and collection
• Ecogeographic surveys
• In situ on-farm conservation
• Research
• Technology adaptation

• PGR IU system
• Information requirements
• Data and information flows
• Technology adaptation

• Information system
• Data input
• Data storage
• Processing and analysis
• Supply of information
• Adaptation of information system to its
  information utilization system

Each of these managerial functions have an
element of uncertainty and cost
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STRATEGIES FOR DEALING WITH UNCERTAINTY

• ABANDON A PARTICULAR COURSE OF ACTION ALTOGETHER

• CONTINUE TO DO BUSINESS UNDER THE PRESENT LEVELS
  OF UNCERTAINTY

• IMPROVE THE INFORMATION BASE IN ORDER TO REDUCE
  UNCERTAINTY

WISDOM
KNOWLEDGE
INFORMATION
DATA
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OBJECTIVES

• Define and examine geographic biases likely to be
  found in in genebank collections.

• General lack of randomness in collection missions

• Species bias and species-area bias

• Hot spots bias

• Infrastructure bias

• Assess the spatial distribution of plant genetic
  resources in the Sudan

• Identify collection gaps in the Sudan genebank
  holdings

• Determine areas of high diversity

• Map the distribution of crop diversity and
  knowledge in Burkina

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Systems used

• ArcView

• FloraMap

• DIVA-GIS

• S-PLUS, R

• PASCAL, C

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Comparison of actual vs. simulated nearest
distances for Okra in Northern Region
Simulated
Simulated
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Number of accessions per species vs. Number of
missions
Summary of Sudan distributions
R0.6706
Local
Wide
Common
OkraHot pepper
Melon, Pearlmillet, Sesame
Rare
Number of variety selection criteria vs.
Diversity in a farm
Number of seed selection criteria vs. Diversity
in a farm
R0.2927
R0.6168
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Plant Genetic Resources UnitAgricultural
Research CorporationSudan

• A nucleus for a national crop genetic resources
  
• system.
• Seedbank 5600 accessions.
• Crops
• Cereals sorghum, pearl millet
• Vegetables okra, melons, watermelon, hot
• pepper, leafy vegetables
  etc
• Oil crops sesame
• Medicinal and aromatic plants roselle
• Activities
• Conservation, multiplication and regeneration
• Characterization and evaluation
• Documentation

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Types of collections and data
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GIS software used

• FloraMap
• - Prediction of distribution - Mapping
• - Clustering -Mapping
• DIVA
• - Diversity analysis - Mapping
• ArcView
• - Creating buffers
• - Determining number of accessions within
• - Create layouts

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Probability mapping - FloraMap

• Cluster Analysis (pearl millet, hot
  pepper, okra and melon)
• Prediction of Distribution
• Mapping

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DIVERSITY ANALYSIS - DIVA

• Diversity analysis
• - morphological characterization and
• evaluation data (melon, okra,
  pearl millet).
• Mapping diversity

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Diversity within melon collections across regions
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Diversity within okra collections across regions
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Diversity within pearl millet collections across
regions
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GAP ASSESSMENT - ArcView

• Create buffers (distances from) around
• - towns (major centres)
• - roads
• - rivers
• Determine number of accessions
• collected within these buffers
• Hence determine level of bias and gaps
• Make layouts

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Collections within distances from towns, roads
and riversGaps filling

• Pearl millet
• - Collection near to towns (2-20 km)
• - Collection far from towns (gt 100 km)
• Sesame
• - Collection near to towns (2-20 km)

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Collections within distances from towns, roads
and riversGaps filling

• Okra
• - Collection far from towns (gt 50 km)
• - Collections far from main roads (5-50 km)
• Hot pepper
• - Collection far from towns (5-40 km, gt 100km)
• - Collection far from main roads (5-50 km)

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Collections within distances from towns, roads
and riversGaps filling

• Melons
• - Collection far from rivers (gt 20 km).
• wild melons
• - Collection far from roads (gt 5 km,
• gt 50 km) wild melons
• - Collection far from towns (gt 10 km)
• wild melons

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General remarks on the use of GIS for Ex-Situ PGR
collections

• Mapping collection sites.
• Development of core collections representing
  different climatic zones.
• Mapping sites with different diversity levels
  within the available collections.
• Assist in determining sites for future
  collections
• (new regions, gap filling, further collection)
• Knowledge about crops.
• Knowledge about the sites.
• Other natural resources (soil types..)
• Socio-economic factors.

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STRENGTHENING THE SCIENTIFIC BASIS OF IN SITU
CONSERVATION OF AGRICULTURAL BIODIVERSITY
BURKINA FASO COMPONENT OF THE GLOBAL PROJECT
INITIATOR OF PROJECT IPGRI
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In situ conservation is concerned with the
maintenance of species populations in the
habitats in which they occur.
CONTEXT
For agricultural crops, in situ conservation
refers to the habitat where cultivated crops
developed their present day properties,
predominantly in farmers fields.
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Some fundamental reasons for in situ conservation

• To ensure conservation and use through active
  participation of farmers and communities.
  Conserves indigenous knowledge
• Helps to maintain the whole system conserves
  processes of evaluation and adaptation.

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To enhance and support a framework of knowledge
on-farmer decision-making processes that
influence in situ conservation of agricultural
biodiversity
To strengthen national institutions in the
planning and implementation of conservation
programmes for agricultural biodiversity
OBJECTIVES
To broaden the use of agricultural biodiversity
and the participation in its conservation by
including farming communities and other groups.
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Countries involved in the global project
Burkina Faso Ethiopia Morocco
Africa
Mexico Peru
America
Vietnam Nepal
Asia
Hungary Turkey
Europe
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AFRICAN COUNTRIES IN THE PROJECT
MOROCCO
ETHIOPIA
BURKINA FASO
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BURKINA FASO IN SITU PROJECT

• PROJECT ORGANIZATION
• The project is run by a multidisciplinary Working
  Team.
• This team is composed 11 sub-teams.
• The main executing agent is INERA (under CNRST).
  Otherpartners include
• 2 Universities in Burkina Faso
• 1 NGO and
• Ministry of Agriculture
• The multidisciplinary Working Team formulated a
  working plan and plan activities. The activities
  are divided into 3 broad categories. These are

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CRITERIA FOR SITE/ HOUSEHOLDS SELECTION
Burkina Faso

• Low rainfall
• high fluctuation in rainfall
• known incidence of genetic erosion

ltgt
Regions

• 5 or 6 crops - 3 or more varieties per crop
• gt100 km from Ouagadougou
• Presence of NGOs and farmer organizations
• selected farmers should have been working with
  these groups
• Interest and commitment of farmers
• accessibility of the location throughout the year
• permanent and full-time farmer
• presence of knowledge about wild relatives
• 3 or more ethnic groups per village
• diversity in rainfall in the village

Villages
ltgt
Households
ltgt
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CHOICE OF CROPS
Six crops were selected
Reason
These are the four most importantcrops in
Burkina Faso
Reason
This is considered as a woman cropin Burkina Faso
Okra
Reason
This is considered as the mostendangered crop in
Burkina Faso
Fabirama
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DATA COLLECTED
Data were collected on the following items

• Knowledge about seasons
• Different types of soils
• Important plant cultural practices
• Crop varieties
• Crop associations
• Crop rankings
• Objectives for the production of crops
• Conservation practices
• Socio-economic factors
• knowledge on traditional species cultivated
• Choices/Selection of conservation seed
• Concept of variety selection PGR and Diversity
  and genetic variability
• etc

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DATA ANALYSIS.
These data are being spatially analyzed to

• Mapping the distribution of farmers varieties,
  including endangered and disappeared varieties
• Mapping the factors that affect diversity
• Determine whether there are relationships between
  these factors and diversity in farmer varieties
• Determine the type of interventions and actions
  to be taken and in what priority order

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FARMERS KNOWLEDGE ABOUT SEASONS
The Signs indicating the End of a rainy
season
The Signs indicating the Beginning of a
season or time to plant
The Signs indicating that the season will be
bad
The Signs indicating that the season will be
good
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The Signs indicating the Beginning of a season
or time to plant
PLANTS DA Leaf fall of Tamarindus indica,
Butyrospermum paradoxum (Karite) D1 Beginning
to have leaf of Lannea microcarpa (Sabga),
Sclerocarya birrea (Nobga) D2 Flowering of
Sclerocarya birrea (Nobga), Lannea microcarpa
(Sabga), Pterocarpus lucens(Kumbrsaka),Perperga
D3 Yellowing and leaf fall of Lannea acida
(Samb-nutuga) D4 Appearance of Stylochiton
hypogeae (Wule) in the river beds D5 Maturity
and fruiting of Lannea microcarpa (Sabga),
Sclerocarya birrea (Nobga), Butyrospermum
paradoxum (Taaga) D6 Ripening, drying
and souring of fruits of Lannea microcarpa
(Sabga), Sclerocarya birrea (Nobga)
BIRDS D7 Guinea fowls laying eggs D8 Some
birds (Taaba) building their nests D9 Storks
returning (migrating back) to the village D10
South-North migration of Silokoe and Kilimba
birds D11 Sparrowhawk crying continuously
(repeatedly) ANIMALS D12 Lizards shading
skin D13 Toads going to the bush from ponds D14
Toads croaking incessantly
STARS AND WEATHER D15 Appearance of the
constellation of six stars in the west D16
Change in the normal trajectory of the sun D17
Wind blowing from the East D18Temperatures are
warming up Dx First clouds appearing Dy
Continuous thundering
RITUALS D19 Predictions of
rainmakers D20 Traditional lunar calendar
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• Having good knowledge (different sources of
  knowledge with a reasonable level of each)
  provides farmers with good mechanisms for more
  accurate decision-making (e.g. selecting
  appropriate varieties for growing), which can
  result in better in situ management of the
  diversity, in turn resulting in better
  conservation of germplasm, and thereby ensuring
  its continued availability.

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Mean number of signs for determining beginning of
season
Mean number of signs
Mean number of signs for determining good season
Mean number of signs
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CONCLUSION 1 It seems that farmers in site 1
have reasonably good knowledge about the
beginning of seasons, and the good seasons. This
is indicated by their ability to use combinations
of all signs comparatively equitably. This gives
them more sources of knowledge different
options for accurate decision-making on cropping
seasons. This in turn has a very vital effect on
the maintenance of the crop germplasm diversity
by the farmers.
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Frequency of using plants to predict a season
SITE 1
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• Conclusion 2
• Farmers in all sites seem to have rich
  alternative sources of plant based knowledge to
  predict seasons. This is reflected in the number
  of plant species that are used in these sites for
  such purpose.
• Therefore to build a sustainable strategy for
  conservation such plant species need to be
  conserved as well.
• As a general conclusion about the farmers
  decision making process which is affecting crop
  diversity, the whole component of the ecosystem
  surrounding the farmer is necessary and need to
  be sustained and conserved - otherwise farmers
  will lose vital tools that help them to sustain
  and conserve their crop diversity.
• If we know that some of these important tree
  species are at present endangered in the Northern
  Central region in Burkina Faso, it becomes very
  necessary to adopt an integrated conservation
  approach, where different disciplines come work
  together towards conserving all the components of
  the ecosystem, including crops.

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Site 2
Site1
Site 3
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DIVERSITY AND PRIORITIES
ACROSS THE SITES
H - high M - medium L - low
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• CONCLUSION 3
• Contrary the initial thinking (at the beginning
  of this study), diversity
• is found to be Low in Site 3, where the
  agro-climatic conditions are very
• good, while it is High in Site 1 which is
  characterized by adverse
• agro-climatic conditions (drought spells, poor
  soil, desertification, etc.).
• At such risky conditions farmers seem to be using
  diversity as a strategy
• for survival here diversity may be a means of
  life (survival).

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UNWEIGHTED GROUNDNUT DIVERSITY
UNWEIGHTED OKRA DIVERSITY
UNWEIGHTEDCOWPEA DIVERSITY
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GENERAL CONCLUSION

• Farmers have reasonable good knowledge about
  their environment, that is indicated by their
  ability to use combination of all signs
  (indicators) at comparatively good levels, which
  give them different options and more sources of
  knowledge to come with more accurate decisions on
  the cropping season. This in turn has a very
  vital effect on the maintenance of the crop
  germplasm diversity by the farmers.

• Diversity may be a means of life for farmer
  living in very arid regions of Burkina Faso

• The ecosystem provides farmers with sources of
  knowledge that is then used to guarantee the
  sustainability of crop genetic resources.
• Ecosystem components form the base of a pyramid
  at the top of which are crop genetic resources,
  and both are linked by the knowledge obtained
  from the ecosystem and applied on the crop
  genetic resources.
• In situ conservation of agricultural biodiversity
  needs Integrated approach (multidisciplinary,
  participatory complementary approach).

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