Europeans Crossing the Atlantic

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Europeans Crossing the Atlantic

• Massachusetts Bay Colony, Virginia and North
  American Settlement

2
Context

• 1492 Columbian Encounter
• 1519 Spanish Conquest of Aztecs
• 1533 Spanish Conquest of Incans
• 1580s Founding of Roanoke in Current Virginia
  (colony did not survive)
• 1607 Founding of Virginia (Jamestown)
• 1620 Founding of Plymouth Colony (current
  Massachusetts)

3
Context, continued

• 1626 Founding of New Amsterdam (Dutch), later
  New York, 1664 (English)
• 1630 Founding of Massachusetts Bay Colony
  (Boston)
• 1663 Carolina Colony Founded
• 1681 Pennsylvania Founded

4
Models of Development

• Massachusetts Bay
• Family migrations
• Religious consensus
• Village or Town settlement structure
• Community centered governance
• NOT DEMOCRATIC

• Virginia
• Adventurer migration in search of riches
• Men predominated in colony
• A volatile mixture of rich and poor men
• Little interest in permanent settlement or civic
  activity
• NOT DEMOCRATIC

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Leaders John Winthrop and John Smith
Winthrop Massachusetts
Smith Virginia
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John Winthrop (1587-1649)

• Governor of Massachusetts Bay colony for most of
  its first twenty years.
• Middle Class background in England.
• Devout Puritan
• Goal was to build a "City on a Hill" as a model
  for world.
• Arrived in the summer of 1630, with eleven
  vessels, more than 1,000 passengers.
• 20,000 more migrated in next decade.

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John Smith (1580-1631)

• Long career as adventurer, writer, and publicist.
• Saw military action in France, the Mediterranean,
  Hungary
• 1602 Captured and sold as a slave to a Turk,
  escaped, returned to England, ca 1604
• 1607 Landed with colonists in Virginia, became
  governor
• 1609 Returned to England, never to return to
  Virginia
• Spent his remaining life promoting the colonies.
  

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Smiths Map of Virginia
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Sudbury, Massachusetts
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Watertown, Massachusetts
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Mt. Vernon, Virginia
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Mt Vernon Slave Cabin Restored
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Population Growth of the 13 Colonies

• 1630 4,600
• 1650 50,000
• 1700 250,000
• 1750 1,170,000
• 1780 2,780,000
• 1790 3,900,000

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American Revolution

• Seven Years War (French and Indian Wars)
  1756-1763
• Challenge to British Rule 1763.
• Declaration of Independence 1776
• War for Independence 1776-1783
• U.S. Constitution 1787
• National Government convened 1789.

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American Revolution

• Based on the notions of libertyfreedom
  equality
• ????

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Virginia, Massachusetts, South Carolina, 1630-1780

• Virginia 2,500 to 538,000
• Massachusetts 500 to 268,627
• South Carolina 0 to 180,000
• Percent African American in 1780
• Virginia 41
• Massachusetts 1.8
• South Carolina 54

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Atlantic Slave Trade and Colonial U.S

• Trade flourished from 15th to 19th Centuries.
• 10 million Africans transported to New World
• Proportion of the trade to British North American
  colonies 4.
• Slave trade banned in U.S. in 1808.
• Abolition of Slavery 1865.

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Peculiarities of US Slave System

• Only New World Slave system sustained by natural
  increase rather than continued importation.
• 400,000 imports.
• 4,000,000 slaves freed in 1865
• One of the last slave economies to end
• U.S. Civil War
• Last nation Brazil (1888).