GEOL 403503 Principles of GIS

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GEOL 403/503 Principles of GIS

• Bhushan Gokhale
• Ted Dunsford
• Fall 2007

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Lecture 1Introduction to ArcGIS
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Brief History of Maps

• Thematic cartography is the origin of GIS
• Manual map overlay was used by planners to
  create new and updated maps
• 1960s Computerized GIS software and mapping
  service evolved (Computer cartography)
• Initially, linked software modules came in vogue
• Stand-alone GIS programs succeeded them
• With the advent of PC and workstations GIS usage
  have become a revolution in 1980s.
• In 1990s, GIS become very user friendly with the
  development of User Interface.

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GIS Definitions

• General Definition It is a systematic
  integration of Computer Hardware, Software and
  Spatial Data, for capturing, storing, displaying,
  updating manipulating and analyzing, in order to
  solve complex management problems.
• Textbook Definition
• A computer based system to aid in the
  collection, maintenance, storage, analysis,
  output, and distribution of spatial data and
  information- Bolstad, 2005

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GIS Definitions cont.

• A GIS is an organized collection of computer
  hardware, software, geographic data, and
  personnel designed to efficiently capture, store,
  update, manipulate, analyze, and display all
  forms of geographically referenced information.
  (ESRI, 1990)
• A geographic information system (GIS) is an
  information system that is designed to work with
  data referenced by spatial or geographic
  coordinates. In other words, a GIS is both a
  database system with specific capabilities for
  spatially-reference data, as well as a set of
  operations for working with data . . . In a
  sense, a GIS may be thought of as a higher-order
  map. (Star and Estes, 1990)

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GIS Definitions cont.

• Geographic, because data collected is associated
  with some location in space.
• Information, because attributes, or the
  characteristics (data), about the space is what
  we want to learn about.
• System, because there must be a tie from the
  information to the geography in a seamless
  operation.

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GIS Definitions cont.

• Spatial data
• data that can be linked in geographic space to
  some feature on a map
• has both a spatial (where) and an attribute
  (what) component
• Feature
• a single entity that comprises part of a
  landscape which can be represented as a point,
  line or polygon
• Attribute
• a characteristic of a feature that contains a
  measurement or value for the feature - a column
  in a data file

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GIS concepts are not new!

• London cholera epidemic 1854

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Spatial information handling 1854
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Brief History... (Contd..)

• Corporate culture revolutionized the GIS
  development
• ESRI
• Many others (Idrisi, MapInfo)
• ESRI is the acronym for
• Environmental Systems Research Institute
• ArcView
• ArcMap 9.2 version (will be used in this class)

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What Are GeoTechnologies?

• Technologies for collecting and dealing with
  geographic information
• Three main types
• Remote sensing
• Global Positioning System (GPS)
• Geographic Information System (GIS)
• M.S. in Geographic Information Science at ISU

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Remote Sensing
Satellite Image of Pocatello
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Remote Sensing
Aerial Image of ISU Campus (Raster Layer)
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Remote Sensing
ISU Campus Image Zoomed to QUAD
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Remote Sensing
Now Check Your Classroom and Your Car
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Check This One.
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Global Positioning Satellite (GPS)
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GIS
Campus Digitized Map (Vector Layer)
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GIS
Campus Digitized Map (Vector Raster Layer)
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What is GIS?

• It is an integration of five basic components

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(No Transcript)
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GIS Layering
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Basic GIS Functions
Capture
Analyze
Display
Store
Store
Query
Output
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Look at the map below...
How many features or themes can you detect?
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GISDigital Maps?

• 7.5 Topographic Quadrangles
• Contours (Hypsography, elevation)
• Rivers, streams, lakes (Hydrography)
• Roads, trails
• Buildings
• Some land ownership
• Some land cover

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ArcGIS

• ArcView 9.x
• Arc/Info 9.x
• ArcEditor 9.x

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ArcView GIS Data Sets

• The GIS Data set or geo-data set used
• Shape file
• Consisting of
• Shape file (.shp)
• Shape Index (.shx)
• Database table (.dbf)
• Additional files may be present and required as
  well

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Three Principal Modules of ArcGIS

• Regardless of the software
• ArcCatalog
• ArcMap
• ArcToolbox

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ArcCatalog

• Catalog
• Data mgmt.
• Similar to Windows Explorer

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ArcMap

• GeoSpatial data is
• displayed
• viewed
• queried
• edited
• Cartographic products are created

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ArcMap GUI
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ArcToolbox

• Data conversion
• import/export
• Spatial analysis
• various overlays

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Principles of GIS

• We will use each of these modules
• Focus on ArcMap