The Bolter 1904, Charles M' Russell'

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Growth in the West, 18601900
Miners, ranchers, cowhands, and farmers help
settle the West and conflict with Native
Americans.
The Bolter (1904), Charles M. Russell.
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Miners, ranchers, and cowhands settle in the West
seeking economic opportunities.
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Miners, Ranchers, and Cowhands
Geography and Population of the West
Frontierunsettled, sparsely settled area,
Native Americans occupy
Map
Great Plainsregion from Missouri River to the
Rockies
Few whites settle in Great Plains, follow
miners into California
Despite Native American occupants, U.S. claims
ownership, Great Plains
Trains carry natural resources of the West to
the East
Bring white settlers to West, helps end Native
American way of life
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Mining in the West
Miners rush to gold, silver strikes in
Colorado, Nevada, South Dakota
Boomtownstowns that have fast economic
population growth
Image
Strikes draw people from Eastern, Western U.S.,
other parts of world
Mining companies use equipment to dig deep,
strip land
Mining work dangerous, causes deadly cave-ins,
lung problems
Mining boom over by 1890s, many boomtowns
become ghost towns
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The Rise of the Cattle Industry
Before 1860, small cattle herds in West,
ranchers sell cattle locally
Railroads make transport of cattle to Eastern
cities possible
Ranchers, livestock dealers make large profits
Cowhands take cattle driveslong drivesto cow
towns along railways
Map
Follow specific trails, first is Chisholm
TrailSan Antonio to Abilene
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Vaqueros and Cowhands
First cowhands, or vaqueros (Spanish word),
come from Mexico
Image
Help Spanish, Mexican ranchers, teach American
cowhands to rope, ride
Many cowhands are former soldiers, Mexicans,
African Americans
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The Wild West
Cow towns have no local government, law officers
Have gambling, con men are common
Some Union, Confederate veterans bitter about
war, become outlaws
Some women become outlaws, Belle Starr, horse
thief
Vigilantespeople who take law into their own
hands
Try to protect citizens, catch criminals,
punish them without trial
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End of the Long Drives
Cattle industry booms for about 20 years
By 1886, several developments bring boom to an
end - price of beef drops sharply - farmers,
sheep herders use barbed wire, end open
range - many cattle die in harsh winter of
18861887
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The Native Americans of the Great Plains fight to
maintain their way of life as settlers pour onto
their lands.
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Native Americans Fight to Survive
Native American Life on the Plains
Before Europeans arrive, Plains tribes live in
villages along rivers
Learn to ride horses brought by Spanish (early
1540s)
Hunters ride far from their village seeking
buffalo
Image
Plains tribes use buffalo for food, use skins
for shelter, clothing
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A Clash of Cultures
U.S. government promises huge area in West for
Native Americans
Interactive
White settlers pressure U.S. government for
more land in West
First Treaty of Fort Laramie (1851) - many
but not all Plains tribes sign - allow U.S.
government to buy back some Native American
land - sets boundaries for tribal lands
Continued . . .
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continued A Clash of Cultures
Some Cheyenne, Sioux resist treaty, fight
settlers, soldiers, miners
U.S. troops kill Cheyenne men, women,
childrenSand Creek Massacre
Plains tribes react, raid white settlements
Second Treaty of Fort Laramie with Sioux
(1868)- Sioux, Northern Cheyenne, Arapaho
sign - gives tribes land in Black Hills of
South Dakota
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Battle of the Little Bighorn
Seeking gold, miners ignore Fort Laramie
treaty, rush onto Sioux land
Tribal leaders reject government offer to buy
back land
Many Sioux warriors flee reservation during
winter of 18751876
Reservationland set aside for Native Americans
Unite under Sioux chiefs Sitting Bull, Crazy
Horse
Image
Continued . . .
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continued Battle of the Little Bighorn
U.S. 7th cavalry sets out to return Sioux to
reservation
Lieutenant Colonel George A. Custer commands
cavalry
Fights thousands of Sioux, Cheyenne at Battle
of Little Bighorn
Custer, men wiped out, U.S. steps up military
action against tribes
Crazy Horse, Sitting Bulls followers
surrender, return to reservation
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Resistance in the Northwest and Southwest
U.S. government forces Nez Perce to sell land,
move to Idaho
Chief Joseph refuses, leads followers toward
Canada, caught, surrenders
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In Southwest, Navajo, Apache fight against
being moved to reservations
Navajo surrender to U.S. troops, take Long
Walk to reservation
Apache forced to settle on Arizona reservation,
Geronimo refuses
Leads Apaches on raids of settlers homes,
surrenders (1886), prison
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A Way of Life Ends
Plains tribes depend on dwindling buffalo for
survival
Hired hunters kill millions of buffalo for
sport, railroads, factories
Some Plains tribes turn to Paiute prophet,
Wovoka, for hope
Preaches whites will be removed, tribes will
freely hunt buffalo
Wovokas vision quickly spreads among Plains
peoples
Continued . . .
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continued A Way of Life Ends
Wovokas followers flee reservations, U.S.
troops track them down
Wovokas followers start to surrender to
troops, someone fires a shot
U.S. troops massacre 300 Native
AmericansWounded Knee Massacre
Ends Native American armed resistance in the
West
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The Dawes Act Fails
White reformers call for better treatment of
Native Americans - feel assimilation is only
way for Native Americans to survive
Dawes Act (1887) - encourages Native
Americans to reject traditions, become
farmers - divides reservations into plots of
land - sends Native American children to
schools, learn white culture
Dawes Act does little to help Native Americans
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Diverse groups of people help to shape both the
reality and the myth of the West.
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Life in the West
Women in the West
Homesteadpiece of land and the house on it
On a homestead, women rarely see neighbors, do
cooking, first aid
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Women often work as teachers, servants, do
sewing, laundry
Some women run dance halls, boarding houses
In most Western territories, women own
property, control own money
Wyoming Territory gives women the vote (1869)
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The Rise of Western Cities
Gold, silver strikes cause cities to grow
rapidly in the West
Chart
Denver quickly becomes capital of Colorado
Territory (1867)
Railroad brings rapid growth to Denver, Omaha,
Portland, other cities
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Mexicanos in the Southwest
For centuries, Southwest is home to Mexicanos
Mexicanossouthwesterners of Spanish descent
who come from Mexico
Railroads spur increase of white settlers in
Southwest (1880s, 1890s)
Mexicanos lose economic, political power, land
to white settlers
Hispanic society survives only in New Mexico
Territory
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The Myth of the Old West
Dime novels portray West as heroic place
filled with adventures
Sometimes hero was a real person, plots are
fictitious, exaggerated
Western myth continues with novels, plays,
movies - often show whites as heroes - usually
show Native Americans as villains - ignore
African Americans
William Buffalo Bill Cody brings Wild West
show to the world
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The Real West
First cowhands are Mexican vaqueros
Native Americans, African Americans help with
cattle ranching
African Americans serve in U.S. Army, known as
buffalo soldiers
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Chinese immigrants help greatly in building
railroads
Native American attacks often caused by broken
treaties
U.S. government contributes greatly to white
settlement
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A wave of farmers move to the Plains in the 1800s
and face many economic problems.
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Farming and Populism
U.S. Government Encourages Settlement
U.S. government passes Homestead Act (1862) -
offers free land to anyone who will live on,
improve it for 5 years
Reconstruction ends, African Americans face
discrimination in South
Many migrate to Kansas, call themselves
Exodusters
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Many Europeans immigrate to the West
U.S. sells land to railroads, railroads resell
much land to settlers
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Life on the Farming Frontier
Farmers on the plains build homes out of blocks
of sod
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Farmers are called sodbusters, dig deep wells,
face harsh weather
Inventions like steel plow, reaper help farmers
face challenges
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The Problems of Farmers
As farmers grow more food, prices for crops
drop (1870s)
Farmers have to pay more for machinery,
railroad rates
Farmers form Grangegroup meets social needs of
farm families
Form cooperativesorganizations owned, run by
members - buy grain elevators - sell crops
directly to merchants - allow farmers to keep
more profits
U.S. states regulate freight rates, storage
charges
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The Rise of Populism
Farm groups form Populist Party, or Peoples
Party (1890)
Want U.S. to adopt free silver policy to
increase inflation
Inflation would increase crop prices, help
farmers pay back loans
Opponents want U.S. to keep gold standard to
keep prices down
Gold standardU.S. backs every dollar with
certain amount of gold
Populist presidential candidate loses but has a
good showing (1892)
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The Election of 1896
Nation suffers through depression, the Panic of
1893
Money issues matter more to voters
Populists back Democrat William Jennings Bryan
for president
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Farmers in South, West vote overwhelmingly for
Bryan
Industrialists, bankers, business leaders vote
for William McKinley
McKinley wins presidential election by half
million votes
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The Closing of the Frontier
Indian Territory, last remaining open land
Oklahoma land rush, settlers claim land that
Native Americans once had
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Indian Territory becomes Oklahoma Territory
(1890), frontier ends
Frederick Jackson Turner writes that end of
frontier marks end of era
Today many historians disagree, think U.S.
remains land of opportunity
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