Diversity

1
Diversity

• Who are the children with special needs?
• How can we help them?

2
Children with Special Needs

• Article reports

3
Children with Special Needs

• Students whose parents are alcoholics
• Students who live with two dads or two moms in a
  community where no one else has the same living
  condition
• Students whose parents stress the importance of
  being good-looking, thin, and popular
• Students whose mother or father just lost a job

4
Children with Special Needs

• Students who live in a blended family
• Students who live with an aunt or grandmother
• Students whose parents are addicted to drugs
• Students who live in a single parent household
• Students who live with aggressive, abusive parents

5
Children with Special Needs

• Students who live in poverty
• Students whose first language is not English
• Students with physical disabilities
• Students who are hungry
• Students who struggle with ADHD
• Students whose cultural experience is different
  from those of suburban students

6
Children with Special Needs

• Why do children leave school before graduation?
• -low reading scores
• -low cognitive ability
• -low socioeconomic status
• -grade repetition
• -poor attendance
• -disruptive behavior

7
Children with Special Needs

• Hispanics are the largest minority in the U.S.
• Hispanics have the highest dropout rate
• May feel invisible and not a part of the school
• Low teacher expectations for them
• Low level skills and drills provided for them

8
Reducing the Gap Between At-Risk and Students Who
Are Not At Risk

• Emphasize reading skills
• Teach higher-order thinking skills to all
  students
• Routinely reteach
• Make at-risk students participate
• Require students to speak and write in complete
  sentences
• Get students emotionally involved
• Demonstrate patience and caring
• (Larry Bells research,
  2002/03-In Yellin, Blake, DeVries. (2004). pp.
  427)

9
Meeting Childrens Special Needs In Language Arts
Classrooms

• 1. Cultural factors (428-431)
• 2. Children with language differences (431-435)
• 3. English as a second language (436-441)
• 4. Children with disabilities (442-445)
• 5. Academically gifted children (446-450)

10
Questions

• How do boys morphing literacy, children of
  poverty, and code switching relate to this
  information?
• What do we do in the classroom everyday to
  address the special needs of students and support
  development in the language arts?
• What are the best practices we should use?

11
Genre

• Genre-A category of literature
• Genre-A way in which text can be categorized
• Genre-Patterns in the way language is used
• Genre-Patterns in the features of text-its
  language, format, structure, and content

12
Genre

• Genre is originally a French word meaning
  "kind", "sort" or "type" in grammatical
  terminology, it refers to the artificial concept
  of masculine or feminine grammatical gender (the
  noun "genre" itself belongs to the masculine
  gender in French, for example).
• In general there are three types of genre
• Those of setting, such as westerns or science
  fiction
• Those of mood, such as comedy or horror
• Those of format, such as musicals or non-fiction.
  
• In art forms such as music, painting, and
  sculpture, genre tends to be determined by format
  and style.
• Genres are often divided into sub-genres. In
  literature, for instance, can be organized
  according to the "poetic genres" and the "prose
  genres". Poetry might be subdivided into epic,
  lyric, and dramatic, while prose might be
  subdivided into fiction and non-fiction. Further
  subdivisions of dramatic poetry, for instance,
  might include comedy, tragedy, melodrama, and so
  forth. This parsing into subgenres can continue
  "comedy" has its own genres, for example,
  including farce, comedy of manners, burlesque,
  and satire. Genre is originally a French word
  meaning "kind", "sort" or "type" in grammatical
  terminology, it refers to the artificial concept
  of masculine or feminine grammatical gender (the
  noun "genre" itself belongs to the masculine
  gender in French, for example).
• In general there are three types of genre
• Those of setting, such as westerns or science
  fiction
• Those of mood, such as comedy or horror
• Those of format, such as musicals or non-fiction.
  
• In art forms such as music, painting, and
  sculpture, genre tends to be determined by format
  and style.
• Genres are often divided into sub-genres. In
  literature, for instance, can be organized
  according to the "poetic genres" and the "prose
  genres". Poetry might be subdivided into epic,
  lyric, and dramatic, while prose might be
  subdivided into fiction and non-fiction. Further
  subdivisions of dramatic poetry, for instance,
  might include comedy, tragedy, melodrama, and so
  forth. This parsing into subgenres can continue
  "comedy" has its own genres, for example,
  including farce, comedy of manners, burlesque,
  and satire (Wikipedia)

13
Genres At Home and At School

• How are the genres used at school different than
  those used at home?
• How might this information help us improve our
  language arts instruction?

14
Genres at Home and at School

• Rather than decrying the absence of literacy
  activities or of particular genres in their
  students home settings, all these teachers
  attempted to build on the literacy strengths and
  genre knowledge children brought from home. For
  these teachers, genre proved to be one important
  means of bridging the known to the new (Duke
  Gates, The Reading Teacher, 9/03).

15
Genres of Stories

• Folk Literature
• Fantasies
• Realistic Fiction
• We consider plot, characters, setting, and theme.

16
Genres of Informational Books

• Books about letters and numbers
• Biographies
• Combination Books
• We consider expository text structures and
  descriptions, sequence, comparisons, cause and
  effect relationships, and problems and solutions.

17
Poetry

• Types of Poetry Books
• We consider a variety of poetry forms-
• -rhymed verse
• -narrative poems
• -haiku and related forms
• -free verse
• -found poems
• -other poetic forms

18
Harlem, Harlem

• What do you think?
• Who would like to begin?
• How would you use this book?
• How might you have children respond to this book?
  (See pages 253,259-275)

19
Poetry

• Poetry is an underused genre in elementary school
• Plays are truly neglected

20
Poetry

• Poetry is the expression of ideas and feelings
  through a rhythmical composition of imaginative
  and beautiful words selected for their sonorous
  effects.
• The musicality of poetry makes it especially
  suitable to read aloud or be put to music.

21
Poetry

• Begins with nursery rhymes with children
• Poetry related to any subject can be shared
  orally daily
• Verse (Mother Goose rhymes) and jingles differ
  from poetry in that the language is light and
  often silly with strong rhyme and rhythm
• Poetry has a higher quality of language and
• evokes new insights and fresh views on lifes
  experiences.
• Poetry touches our hearts and minds through
  drawing on our five senses

22
Types of Poetry Books

• Mother Goose and Nursery Rhyme Books
• Nursery and Folk Songbooks
• Anthologies of Poetry
• Specialized Poetry Books
• Single Illustrated Narrative Poems
• (pp. 45-46)

23
Elements of Poetry

• Meaning-underlying idea, feeling, or mood
  expressed through the poem
• Rhythm-beat or regular cadence of the poem used
  to communicate
• Fast (through short lines, clipped syllables,
  high sharp vowel sounds (a,e,i) and abrupt
  consonant sounds (k, t, w, and p)
• Slow (through longer lines, multisyllabic words,
  full or low vowel sounds and resonating
  consonants (m, n, r) (See pp46-47)

24
Elements of Poetry

• Sound patterns-repeated sounds and combinations
  of sounds and words
• Rhyme
• Assonance (same vowel sound as in they, flay,
  stray, obey)
• Alliteration-repeated initial consonant sounds
• Consonance-similar consonant sounds repeated
  (flake, chuck, stroke)
• Onomatopoeia-sound of the word resemble the
  real-world sound (hiss)

25
Elements of Poetry

• -Figurative language-comparing or contrasting
  one thing with another
• -simile-direct comparison using like or as
• -metaphor-implied comparison without a signal
  to evoke the similarity
• -personification-attributing human qualities to
  animate, non-human objects
• -hyperbole-exaggeration to highlight or point
  out ridiculousness

26
Elements of Poetry

• Sense imagery-using words to play on one of the
  five senses

27
Teaching Poetry

• Avoid over analysis of poetry or its elements
• Select it well
• Read it aloud well
• Share it often with love and enthusiasm
• Guidelines (pp. 56-60)
• Practice with poetry selections now

28
Selecting Poetry

• Criteria (p. 48)

29
Historical Overview

• Where did Mother Goose come from?
• What was the purpose and theme of poetry prior to
  nineteenth century?
• What was the theme of poetry in the 1960s and
  70s?

30
Types of Poetry by Purpose Lyric and Narrative

• Lyric poetry-captures a moment, a feeling or a
  scene and is descriptive in nature
• Narrative poetry-tells a story or includes a
  sequence of events

31
Types of Poetry by Poetic Form Couplets,
Tercets, Quatrains, and Cinquains

• Couplets-two lines
• Tercets-three lines
• Quatrains-four lines
• Cinquains-five lines
• These forms can also be mixed in a poem

32
Other Forms of Poetry

• Ballad
• Haiku
• Free verse
• Concrete poetry