Hunting and Gathering vs' Agriculture

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Hunting and Gathering vs. Agriculture

• Hunting/Gathering
• 75 food from gathering, 25 from hunting wide
  variety of plants and animals
• Small groups little privacy uniform beliefs
• Migratory existence following seasonal
  fluctuations
• No need to save for future or plan activities

• Agriculture
• Dependence on a few crops
• Large communities
• Great sensitivity to time/calendar
• Emphasis on seasonal hard labor discipline
• All food collected at one time requires
  distribution and management storage important

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Transition

• Transition from hunting/gathering to agriculture
  started in some areas (Zagros, Nile) as far back
  as 10-12 thousand years ago
• Over time, it became more widespread arose in
  many different areas, possibly independently

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Costs and Benefits of Agriculture

• Costs
• Loss of mobile lifestyle
• Risk of disaster greater because of
  specialization
• Less varied diet causes nutritional problems

• Benefits
• Sedentary lifestyle allows development of
  civilization
• Potentially much greater food production in good
  years

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Pastoralism

• Herding of livestock can be intermediate stage
  between hunting/gathering and agriculture
• Free range/nomadic vs. established pastures
• Often coexists constructively with agriculture
  sometimes as raiders

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Ancient Greece

• Useful resource site
• http//www.wsu.edu8080/dee/GREECE/GREECE.HTM

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Map of Ancient Greece
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Greek Culture

• Greeks were active from about 1600 B.C. (start of
  Mycenaen culture)
• Archaic Period runs 800-500 B.C. as Greeks form
  city-states, first ruled by kings and then by
  oligarchy or democracy (true democracy)
• Many powerful states rose and fell Greek
  colonists spread to surrounding Mediterranean
  region

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Democracy

• By 500-600 B.C., most Greek city-states (each was
  a polis) had moved away from tyrrany
• Two main types of government arose different
  details in each city-state
• Oligarchy (rule by a small group)
• Democracy (rule by the people demos)
• Not like modern democracy
• Not representative all members of class
  participate, but the class is restricted
• Only free, male citizens could participate
• No women, slaves, foreigners (defined loosely)

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Athens

• Athens had fertile land nearby major crops were
  olives, grapes, and wheat
• Wheat farming (by poor) collapsed, while olives
  and grapes did well
• Economic structure of society became very extreme
  poor farmers eventually went into debt, and
  sold themselves and families into slavery while
  wealthy landowners prospered
• Solon (594 BC) reforms society as a tyrant
  cancels all debt, makes it illegal to sell
  oneself into slavery but this didnt fix wealth
  problem

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Athens

• Peisistratus comes after Solon further reforms
  society by giving more power to poorer classes,
  and allows society to be more democratic (if his
  party won)
• His son (Hippias) is not as competent or
  well-liked
• Athenian nobility prevails on Sparta to invade in
  510 B.C.
• Sparta sets up normal relationship Athens is
  free, but must send money to Sparta and assist
  militarily

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Spartans

• Sparta became a major military power, with a very
  different culture from Athens
• More gender equity women educated, free to
  leave home
• Mandatory military service until age 30
• Conquest of Messeneans (725) for land followed by
  nearly-successful uprising (640 BC) produced odd
  social structure
• Spartans ruled neighboring Messeneans as helots
  despite being outnumbered 10-1
• Spartans earned both respect and derision from
  neighbors

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Map of Ancient Greece
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Greek History

• 499-479 B.C. - Greeks were in constant conflict
  with Persian Empire, which basically controlled
  the rest of the known world
• Despite being outnumbered and outspent, Greeks
  consistently defeated Persians, including a major
  victory at Marathon in 490 B.C.

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Athenean Empire, 478-445

• Following defeat of Persia, Athens had an
  extensive navy and some allies
• They formed the Delian Pact - a system of
  alliances (kind of a set of united states) where
  the other city-states provided payments and
  Athens provided military force.
• This period produced much of the drama, poetry,
  philosophy, and architecture for which the Greeks
  are known - Pindar, Sophocles, Euripides,
  Hippocrates, Aeschylus

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Peloponnesian War, 431-404 B.C.

• Sparta sees rise of Athens is threatened they
  fight occasionally throughout Athenian Empire
• Both sides fight using their strengths (Sparta on
  land, Athens at sea) assuming the others will
  wear out
• Both sides wear out 30-year truce eventually
  declared in 445 B.C., but broken in 431 B.C.
• Pericles, great Athenian military leader and
  democratic reformer, dies shortly thereafter (429
  B.C.)

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Reign of Sparta - 404-371 B.C.

• Sparta ruled over Athens and its former allies,
  but was hampered by continued warring with Thebes
• Socrates dies Plato builds his Academy in Athens
• Thebes eventually crushes Sparta and starts a
  short-lived period of rule over Athens and other
  states
• Athens breaks free and is independent again for a
  few years.

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Map of Ancient Greece
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Philip II of Macedon

• Macedon was a border state, near European tribes
• Never fully democratic always kept kings
• Philip was ambitious (took kingship while regent
  for infant nephew) and saw weakness and confusion
  to south

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Hellenistic Greece - 359-323 B.C.

• Phillip of Macedon takes throne in 359
• Pacifies European tribes
• Defeats Athens and allies in 338 B.C.
• Pushes into Greece takes more territory sets up
  government
• Declares war on Persian Empire in 336 B.C., but
  is assassinated later that year

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Alexanders Exploits - 336-323 B.C.

• Philips son, Alexander, takes over for Philip at
  21 years old, after heroics in defeat of Athens
  three years earlier.
• By 334 B.C., Alexander has launched conquest of
  Persia.
• Very successful strategy - Alexander has no money
  and a small army, but its enough to take coastal
  towns and prevent Persian landings.

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Alexanders Exploits - 336-323 B.C.

• Alexander would always ride into the thick of
  battle, leading cavalry - earned respect of his
  soldiers and fear from his enemies
• Took most of Persian Empire, including,
  Palestine, Egypt, Phoenecia, and finally
  Mesopotamia and Babylon in 330 B.C.
• That was the whole known world, but Alexander
  wanted more - pushed into Pakistan and India, but
  finally gave up.

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Alexanders Final Days

• Alexander retreated from the western front and
  consolidated his force in Babylon - he actually
  was the king of the world
• He made plans for further conquest and for
  governing
• In 323, he caught a fever and died at age 33, and
  his empire rapidly fell apart into sections

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Hellenistic Greece

• Everywhere the Greeks conquered, they spread
  their language, religion, technology, government,
  philosophy, and poetry.
• They also absorbed other ideas and religions -
  this set the stage for the rapid spread of
  Christianity several centuries later.

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Climate and Greek History
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Climate and Greek History
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Climate and Greek History