Plagiarism

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Plagiarism

• Avoiding Plagiarism Act I

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What is plagiarism?

• It is using the words, ideas, sentence structure,
  interviews, computer code, or other original (not
  common-knowledge) material of others without
  acknowledging the source.

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Harris, R. A.,2001
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So, whats the big deal?

• Plagiarism is a serious breach of ethics.
  Intentionally using the work of others without
  referencing it is a form of lying or stealing.
• Unintentional plagiarism is evidence of careless
  and sloppy work.

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Plagiarism Continuum

• Bad
• Writing from memory without locating and
  crediting sources (Heard it somewhere. Too much
  work to find source.)
• Do not take the time to learn how to use
  citations properly (Ignorance is not an excuse.)
• Paraphrasing statements without giving credit
• Getting someone else to write all or parts of
  your paper
• Cutting and pasting or copying directly (Even
  when properly cited!)
• Submitting someone elses paper as your own
  (Bought or borrowed.)
• Worse
• (Purdue University Online Writing Lab (n.d.)
  Harris, R. A.,2001)

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Harris, R. A.,2001
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Crime and Punishment

• First Incident of Academic Dishonesty
• Range from a zero on the assignment in question
  to a failing grade in the classdetermined by the
  professor.
• Can also be required to complete a citation and
  referencing workshop in the Student Learning
  Center.
• Cannot withdraw from the class to avoid a bad
  grade.
• May lose eligibility for honors.
• (Each incident will be evaluated by a panel and
  punishment will depend on the severity of the
  incident.)
• Franklin University Academic Bulletin 2010-2011
• http//www.franklin.edu/franklin/files/bull
  etin/2010General_Information.pdf

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Crime and Punishment (continued)

• Second Incident of Academic Dishonesty
• Failing grade in the class
• Dismissal from the University
• Notation on academic record and transcript of
  Dismissed for academic dishonesty
• Franklin University Academic Bulletin 2010-2011
• http//www.franklin.edu/franklin/files/bulletin/20
  10General_Information.pdf

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What are the benefits of referencing?

• To support your own ideas. Citing other sources
  adds strength to your arguments by showing other
  agreeing opinions or supporting research and
  demonstrates a higher degree of commitment to
  your task, whether the task is an academic
  assignment or a work related project.
• To report statistics and information in a paper
  or presentation. Giving statistics and
  information from other sources can serve to grab
  the attention of the reader or audience. Your
  paper or presentation is more interesting if it
  includes the data, opinions, illustrations, etc.,
  from other sources as well is those you
  contributed.

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Support your own ideas/conclusions.

• Examples
• How an individual feels about using the computer
  can affect how well the trainee learns when the
  computer is as the delivery method. (writers
  conclusions). (Supported by) Computer anxiety has
  been shown to adversely affect the effectiveness
  of CBT (Harrington, McElroy, Morrow, 1990
  Marcouildes, 1988).
• Using computer based training (CBT) is a good
  business decision for some organizations. --
  (writers conclusion). (Supported by) Hequet
  (1995) reported that CBT is being used more and
  more because it can be less expensive and more
  flexible than classroom training. In the 1995
  Industry Report (Sadowski, 1995) reported that 48
  percent of companies in their survey were using
  CBT as an instructional method.

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Give statistics and information

• Examples
• The 1995 training budget for American
  organizations, with 100 or more employees, was
  52.2 billion dollars for formal training
  (Sadowski, 1995).
• Training has been defined as a planned learning
  experience designed to bring about permanent
  changes in an individuals knowledge, attitude,
  or skills (Campbell, Dunnette, Lawler, Weick,
  1970).
• Noe (1986) proposed that attitudes, interests,
  values, and expectations of trainees may
  attenuate or enhance the effectiveness of
  training (p. 737).

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Harris, R. A.,2001
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How do I avoid plagiarism?

• Give credit to the appropriate person or
  organization for the idea, words, computer
  language, illustration, or research used in your
  own work through proper referencing.

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Harris, R. A.,2001
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How do I give credit to others for their work?

• There are two parts.
• Reference in the text. Give the authors name
  and the date of the work at the point where the
  reference is made in the body of your paper. The
  reader can go to the reference list and locate
  the complete information on where to find the
  original work.
• Reference list. A corresponding complete
  reference should be at the end of your paper.
  All the references you used should be listed in
  alphabetical order.
• (American Psychological Association (2001)
• All information related to APA rules taken from
  APA Publication Manual

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Reference in the text/Reference list

• Reference in the text
• Ryman and Biersners (1975) study indicated
• that specific attitudes toward training can be
• used to predict who will succeed and who will
• fail in a training program.
• Reference list
• Ryman, D. M., Biersner, R. J. (1975).
  Attitudes
• predictive of diving training success.
  Personnel Psychology, 28, 181-188.

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Reference in the text/Reference list

• Reference in the text
• Pretraining motivation has been found to be
  influenced by
• training attitudes, individual attitudes, and
  intrinsic
• rewards (Facteau et al., 1995).
• Reference list
• Facteau, J.D., Dobbins, G. H., Russell, J.E.A.,
  Ladd R.T., Kudisch, J.D. (1995). The influence
  of general perceptions of the training
  environment on pretraining motivation and
  perceived training transfer. Journal of
  Management, 21(1), 1-25.

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Always use quotation marks for a direct quote

• Even if youve remembered to include an in-text
  citation, as well as one in a reference list,
  youll need to use quotation marks to indicate
  when youre using the exact text from the
  original source. The absence of quotation marks
  sends a clear message that youve paraphrased the
  ideas into your own words. If this is not the
  case, youre sailing into dangerous waters.
• Oops! Taking credit for the exact wording
• A new software entity can have a dramatic impact
  on the way other software entities behave, even
  if they have no common interfaces (Bassius, 2005,
  p. 4).
• Correct! Giving credit for the exact wording
• A new software entity can have a dramatic impact
  on the way other software entities behave, even
  if they have no common interfaces (Bassius,
  2005, p. 4).

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If I paraphrase or summarize do I have to give a
citation?

• Definitely! The only differences between your
  obligation to reference a direct quote and a
  summary or paraphrased statement is that you must
  enclose direct quotes in quotation marks and
  include the page number in your in text citation.
  Summaries and paraphrased statements only
  require the authors name and publication date in
  the in-text reference. You are still using
  someone elses ideas.

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If I am including supplemental information in the
appendices do I have to reference it?

• Yes, if the supplemental material includes the
  work of others.

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When is it OK not to give a citation?

• When the work originates with you (e.g., original
  thoughts, opinions, experiences, ideas, data and
  statistics you have gathered, computer programs
  you have developed, illustrations you have
  created).
• When the information is common knowledge. Common
  knowledge refers to information that is well
  known (e.g., Bill Clinton and George Bush were
  presidents of the US. Weapons of mass
  destruction were not found in Iraq.). If you find
  an idea in multiple (4-5) undocumented sources,
  it is probably safe to consider it as common
  knowledge. If you are in doubt, it is always
  safer to give a reference.

• (Purdue University, 2004).
• For more on common knowledge visit the Purdue
  University Online Writing Lab at
  http//owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/589/01/
  .

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When I write a research report, do I have to give
a citation for everything?

• While the very essence of research involves
  exploring the findings of others and requires
  that you read the works of the experts, it also
  involves synthesizing the material you read and
  coming up with your own original conclusions and
  ideas. Finding that balance can sometimes feel
  like a walk on a tightrope.
• For more information see
• http//wwwlibrary.csustan.edu/lboyer/plagiarism/pl
  agiarism3prevent.htm

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• Test your knowledge
• The next few slides will have statements.
  Determine whether or not they need references.

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Does this statement need a reference?

• I am from Ohio, and I think people who live
  in Ohio enjoy a great life.

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No reference needed.

• Im from Ohio, and I think people who live in
  Ohio enjoy a great life. (your
  opinion/experience)

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Does this statement need a reference?

• In recent years, Maryland has enjoyed the
  highest median income level of any State in the
  US.

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A reference is needed.

• In recent years, Maryland enjoyed the highest
  median income level of any state in the US (U.S.
  Census Bureau, 2004). (How do you know this?
  Reference needed to support the statement.)

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Does this statement need a reference?

• Abraham Lincoln was president during the civil
  war.

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No reference needed.

• Abraham Lincoln was president during the civil
  war. (So well known, it is common knowledge.)

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Does this statement need a reference?

• When the Lakers traded Shaquille ONeal but kept
  Kobe Bryant, they brought the curtain down on the
  NBAs most recent soap opera.

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A reference is needed.

• When the Lakers traded Shaquille ONeal but kept
  Kobe Bryant, they brought the curtain down on the
  NBAs most recent soap opera (McCallum, 2004).
  (Paraphrased from Sports Illustrated columnmust
  have a citation.)

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Does this statement need a reference?

• Cultural imperialism is when one dominant group
  claims supremacy over minority cultures and
  proceeds to change the situation in its own
  interests and at the expense of the other
  cultures.

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A Citation is needed.

• Cultural imperialism is when one dominant
  group claims supremacy over minority cultures and
  proceeds to change the situation in its own
  interests and at theexpense of the other
  cultures (Miller, 2002, pg.9). (Direct quote
  must have a citation to avoid plagiarism.)

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What is a style manual?

• Most disciplines choose a standard format to be
  used in referencing the works of others. The
  style manual gives the rules for formatting a
  paper, including how to reference and the
  placement of information and punctuation within a
  reference list.
• A standard format allows the reader to easily
  find reference information in all papers once the
  format has been learned. This is similar to a
  standard layout in a newspaper or the Web layout
  of Franklins online courses.

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Which style manual does Franklin use?

• American Psychological Association. (2001).
  Publication manual of the American Psychological
  Association (5th ed.). Washington, DC APA
• Franklin chose APA, but there are several styles
  including MLA, Chicago, Turabian.

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What is needed in a reference in the text?

• APA only requires the authors last name and the
  year of the publication in the in-text reference.
  If the reference includes a direct quote, the
  page number must also be given.
• Examples
• Training has been defined as a planned learning
  experience designed to bring about permanent
  changes in an individuals knowledge, attitude,
  or skills (Campbell, Dunnette, Lawler, Weick,
  1970).
• Noe (1986) proposed that attitudes, interests,
  values, and expectations of trainees may
  attenuate or enhance the effectiveness of
  training (p. 737).

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How much information is required in the reference
list?

• Enough information should be given to allow the
  reader of your paper to locate the original work
  that is being referenced so that it can be read
  more thoroughly if desired. The reader may want
  to verify your interpretation or conduct
  additional research on your topic.

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Basics for references

• Authors name (may be an organization)
• Date of publication
• Title of book, article, or book chapter
• Title of journal (if journal article)
• Publisher (if book)
• Page numbers
• URL (if from the Web)

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Why is the authors name listed first in the
reference?

• If available, the authors last name and then
  initials should be the first information
  included. The references are in alphabetical
  order by the first letter of the reference. The
  citation in the text gives the authors name and
  is keyed to the reference list by the authors
  name.
• Listing the authors name gives the author credit
  for the material referenced.

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Why is the date important?

• The date comes after the authors name and tells
  the reader how current the reference is.
• The author(s) may have several articles on the
  same topic referenced in the paper. The date
  allows the reader to quickly distinguish the
  different references by the same author.

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What other information is included in the
reference?

• It depends on the resource being referenced.
  Check the APA Publication Manual for examples.
• Landmarks Citation Machine is a citation builder
  http//citationmachine.net/

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Additional resources to help avoid plagiarism.

• Franklin University Nationwide Library Writing
  Guides
• Guide to Online Schools The Complete Plagiarism
  Resource
• Purdue University Online Writing Lab
• UC Davis - Avoiding Plagiarism
• Northwestern University -How to Avoid Plagiarism

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How can I keep track of references as I am
writing my paper?

• You need to keep good records as you are
  gathering information for your paper.
• Suggestions
• Use note cards with reference information given
  for each topic.
• Create an electronic database, spreadsheet, word
  document that includes your references.
• Make copies of all articles and highlight
  passages used in your paper and keep a
  bibliography of all resources you collect with
  brief notes about the main points of the article,
  even if you do not use them all.
• Use a different font or color in your draft to
  indicate needs for citations.

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It is easier to get caught than you think.
Harris, R. A.,2001
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References

• American Psychological Association. (2001).
  Publication manual of the American Psychological
  Association (5th ed.). Washington, D. C.
  American Psychological Association.
• Campbell, J. P., Dunnette, M. D., Lawler, E. E.,
  Weick, K. E. (1970).
• Managerial behavior, performance, and
  effectiveness. New York McGraw Hill.
• Facteau, J.D., Dobbins, G. H., Russell, J.E.A.,
  Ladd, R.T., Kudisch, J.D. (1995). The
  influence of general perceptions of the training
  environment on pretraining motivation and
  perceived training transfer. Journal of
  Management, 21(1), 1-25.
• Franklin University. (2004). Penalty for academic
  dishonesty. In Franklin University bulletin
  2004-2005 (p.48). Retrieved September 20, 2004
  from http//www.franklin.edu/franklin/files/bullet
  in/2010General_Information.pdf

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References (cont.)

• Harrington, K. v., McElroy, J. C., Morrow, P.
  C. (1990). Computer anxiety and computer-based
  training A laboratory experiment. Journal of
  Educational Computing Research, 6(3), 343-359.
• Harris, R. A. (2001). The plagiarism handbook
  Strategies for preventing, detecting, and dealing
  with plagiarism. Los Angeles, CA Pyrczak
  Publishing.
• Hequet, M. (1995, October). Doing more with
  less. Training Magazine, 77-82.
• Marcoulides, G. A. 1988). The relationship
  between computer anxiety and computer
  achievement. Journal of Educational Computing
  Research, 4(2), 151-157.
• McCallum, J. (2004, July 26). The end. Sports
  Illustrated, 3, 32-34.

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References (cont.)

• Miller, B. (2002). Cultural anthropology ( 2nd
  ed.). Boston Allyn and Bacon Co.
• Noe, R. A. (1986). Trainees attributes and
  attitudes Neglected influences on training
  effectiveness. Academy of Management Review,
  11(4), 736-749.
• Purdue University Online Writing Lab (2004).
  Avoiding plagiarism. Retrieved August 12, /2004
  from
• http//owl.english.purdue.edu/handouts/research/r
  _plagiar.html
• Ryman, D. M., Biersner, R. J. (1975).
  Attitudes predictive of diving training success.
  Personnel Psychology, 28, 181-188.
• Sadowski, V. (1995, October). 1995 industry
  report. Training, 36-74.
• U.S. Census Bureau. (Revised 2004).
  Three-year-average median household income by
  state 2000-2002. Retrieved August 15, 2004 from
  http//www.census.gov/hhes/income/income02/statemh
  i.html