Lesson Two

1
Lesson Two

• Marrakech

2
Aims

• To know the writing technique of exposition.
• To learn the methods in developing an expository
  writing,esp. the use of examples.
• To appreciate the language features

3
Teaching Contents

• 1. Exposition
• 2. George Orwell
• 2. Detailed study of the text
• 3. Organizational pattern
• 4. Language features
• 5. Exercises

4
Time allocation

• 1. Background information (15 min.)
• 2. Detailed study of the text (120 min.)
• 3. Structure analysis (15 min.)
• 4. Language appreciation (15 min.)
• 5. Exercises (15 min)

5
Exposition

• Exposition is perhaps the type of writing that is
  most frequently used by a student, a scientist,
  or a professional.Exposition --- expounding
  explaining

6
Exposition

• An expository paper explains or explores
  something, such as the process of making a
  machine, the causes of a natural or social
  phenomenon, the planning of a project, or the
  solution of a problem.

7
Exposition

• Description -- deals with appearances and
  feelings
• Narration --- deals with events and experience
• Exposition --- deals with processes and
  relationships

8
Exposition

• Things can be explained by

9
Definition

• The key to a definition is concreteness. One
  has to give concrete facts to make a definition
  effective.

10
2. Listing

• We must have enough number of items to be
  listed. Then, if possible, arrange the items in
  the graded order of increasing importance.

11
3. Examples

• It's the simplest, the most common, best
  method.

12
4. Classification

• We have to follow a system consistently. The
  categories of division should be mutually
  exclusive. There should be no overlapping. One
  item can belong to one category and only one.

13
5. Comparison and contrast

• We liken one thing to another by pointing out
  their similarities (comparison) We emphasize the
  difference between the two. (contrast)

14
6. Analysis

• We may discuss the cause and effect of a
  historical event, its nature and its significance
  in history.

15
Exposition

• The writer appeals to a reader's understanding
  with verifiable facts and valid information,
  explaining and interpreting that materials so
  that the reader will accept his point of view or
  explanation. Thus he must organize and develop
  his thought objectively and present it with
  honesty and completeness so that the reader will
  have confidence in what he is saying.

16
Exposition

• 1. generally the writer makes a statement of
  the central thought or of his purpose quite
  early. This statement is sometimes called the
  "thesis", and may even be the title of the
  piece.
• 2. Sometimes the writer may first present and
  develop his facts and make his general statement
  as a conclusion at the end.

17
The Text

• It is an exposition, a political essay. Orwell
  leaves no doubt about his feelings concerning
  colonialism and its results. He has shown the
  reader how millions of people can be ignored and
  treated as less than human.

18
Theme ----

• The suffering and misery of the colonial people
  in Marrakech
• The writer gives descriptions by examples. The
  objective presentation of examples show that the
  people in colonial countries are
  poverty-stricken.

19
George Orwell

• A British novelist and essayist between the two
  world wars image-1 http//etext.library.adelaid
  e.edu.au/o/orwell/george/
• He is mush praised in the west partly because of
  his anti-communist point of view.
• He was born in India, father, a so called
  empire-builder --serving the British government
  abroad.

20
George Orwell

• He received good education in Britain and studied
  in the most famous school "Eden.

21
George Orwell

• He travelled widely. Marrakech is one of the
  places he travelled to. His travel made him take
  a hostile attitude toward imperialism. He showed
  deep sympathy for the poor and became a firm
  supporter of socialism.

22
George Orwell

• He joined Spanish War. He was seriously wounded.
  The Spanish socialist forces divided into
  faction. The faction he belonged to was
  persecuted. So he became so pessimistic and
  depressed, which led him toward anti-communist
  attitude.

23
George Orwell

• Animal Farm ---- a political fableimage-2
• Each animal represents a certain human
  character, meant to criticise Stalin's socialism.

24
George Orwell

• In reading his works, several aspects draw our
  attention1. His works show sharp powers of
  observation and deep sympathy for suffering
  people. 2. His works give a deep sense of
  conviction and urgency.

25
George Orwell

• 3. The use of English is clear, simple and
  direct, with no formality of embellishment.
  (addition/decoration) He said his ideal was to
  write prose like a window pane. ______ as
  clear as glass

26
Detailed study of the text

• Marrakech 2image-3,4,5

27
Detailed study of the text

• As the corpse.... The opening paragraph is very
  dramatic. The choice of this scene and the words
  he uses implies much more than what appears on
  the surface. 1) dirty 2) poor

28
in a cloud ---

• a large number of small things moving through
  the air as a mass a cloud of insects

29
crowd ---

• It suggests
• 1) the lack of order
• 2) people are not terribly concerned about the
  funeral.

30
all men and boys, no women

• According to Muslim law, Muslims must respect
  women, and for this reason girls and women used
  to be kept in the house, where they could be
  safe. When they went out, they wore the veils to
  cover their faces. But this law has become a kind
  of excuse to discriminate against women.

31
pomegranates ----

• refers to the fruit of the pomegranate tree, a
  native of Asia. It is a round reddish fruit with
  a mild flavour. The word comes to English from
  the old French. pome --- apple granate ----
  having many seeds

32
chant ---

• 1. a word or group of words that is repeated
  over and over again, usually by more than one
  person.2. a religious prayer or song that is
  spoken or sung on only a very few notes so that
  there is not much variation in it.

33
appeal to ----

• If something appeals to you, you find it
  attractive or interesting attract / interest /
  fascinateThese books are designed to appeal to
  children.The idea of becoming director of the
  factory appealed to him.

34
identify ---

• recognise be able to name Can you identify your
  umbrella among a hundred others? Schoolboys
  could identify almost every car as it passed by.

35
derelict building-lot

• It would be an ugly, forgotten, abandoned place
  where a building was begun but never
  finished."derelict" --- comes from the Latin
  word meaning to abandon

36
2

• How people are buried in Marrakech wail a
  short chant hack an oblong hole (dig
  without care) dump the body fling over it
  a little of the dried-up earthThe fact shows the
  human life has no value at all.

37
The thesis

• ---"All colonial empire....."It is the colonial
  empires that make the people so poor. Empires are
  built up by treating the people in the colonies
  like animals. This thesis is going to be
  supported by more illustrations and examples.

38
Rhetorical questions

• --- What sort of audience Orwell had in mind when
  he wrote this essay? --- Clearly he is writing
  to readers of his own race and general class . So
  if you say yes, why don't they appear to be so?

39
undifferentiated ---

• You can't differentiate one brown stuff from
  another, because they look just the same. If
  they do have individuality, it is irrecognizable,
  just like insects, like bees.

40
regularity ---

• a state or situation in which things happen
  repeatedly There is no regularity about his
  work. He makes the same stupid suggestion with
  great regularity. His heart beats with the
  regularity of a clock pendulum.

41
a gazelle ---

• image-7 gazelle
• a hoofed mammal with a slender neck and ringed
  horns. Gazelles are famous for their grace and
  beauty, and are native to Africa and Asia

42
mint sauce ---

• 2imge-8 mint sauce
• an English specialty made of a combination of
  chopped mint leaves, vinegar, and water. It's
  traditionally served with roast lamb.

43
stow ---

• to put, hide away in safe place If you stow
  sth. somewhere, you put it neatly away in a place
  where it can be kept until it is needed.
  storestow away hide

44
stow

• We stowed all the boxes in the attic.
• Potatoes must be stowed in a cool dark place.
• My jewellery is safely stowed away in the bank.
  
• His baggage was safely stowed away in the plane.

45
815

• The writer described the plight of the Jews, an
  poorest minority in a colonial country. Their
  fate could be worse than that of the natives.

46
quarters ----

• apartment (room/house) residential
  area for particular kind of people
• the doctor's quarters
• servants quarters
• officers' quarters
• confined to quarters
• sleeping quarters

47
ghettoes or ghettos

• Orwell uses ghettos here in the traditional sense
  of a portion of a city populated almost
  exclusively by Jews.
• A ghetto is a part of a town or city in which
  many poor people or many people of a particular
  race, religion, or nationality live in isolation
  from the majority group in the town or city.

48
ghettoes or ghettos

• It's about this black kid growing up in the
  ghetto.
• ---- ghetto life in European cities ----
  slums and ghettos

49
overcrowding ---

• adv v ing dry-cleaning over-eating
  updating downgrading

50
sore-eyed ---

• Eyes are infested from 1.
  malnutrition 2. lack of medical care
  3. unhygienic condition

51
skull-cap ---

• a close-fitting brimless cap
• It is often worn indoors and often by Orthodox
  Jews. Men who strictly practice Judaism are never
  supposed to have their heads bared. There must be
  some piece of cloth etc. between man and God.

52
infest ---

• When insects, rats or other animals infest a
  plant, area, they spread in a large numbers and
  cover the area, usually causing damage.
• overrun swarm pack crowd teem flood fill
  be thick withfly-infested --- full of fliesThe
  back yard was infested by rats. 

53
booth ---

• a stall for selling goodspublic telephone
  boothan announcer bootha motion picture
  projection booth

54
prehistoric ---

• ancient out-of-date or old-fashioned His ideas
  on morals are really prehistoric. (derog or
  humor)
• Is Simon's prehistoric car still working?

55
lathe ---

• a machine for shaping wood, metal 

56
warp ---

• to cause to bend, curve, or twist out of shape
• The hot sun warped the boards.
• Some gramophone records warp in very hot
  weather.

57
frenzied adj.

• full of uncontrolled excitement
• Will this push him too far and lead to a frenzied
  attack?
• She was climbing now with a sort of frenzied
  haste. --- a frenzied mob of over a thousand
  student --- make frenzied efforts

58
self-contained ----

• self sufficient A self-contained community is
  one in which all or nearly all the needs of the
  community are met from within. There is little
  need to go outside for material or cultural
  desires. The Jewish ghettos are self-contained
  not only by preference but also by necessity,
  since Jews may have been unwelcome outside.

59
a good job ---coll. BrE

• a fortunate state of affairs
• This restaurant is not cheap, so it's a good job
  you've brought plenty of money.
• He's gone, and a good job too.

60
That's only for show ---

• The Jew only pretends to work as a poor
  labourer.show --- n. sth false or superficial,
  pretence
• I make a show of interest, but I really couldn't
  have cared less.
• He put on a good show, but he didn't deceive
  anyone.
• He is not really ill he is just putting on a
  show.

61
witchcraft ---

• Orwell is probably referring to many occasions in
  the 1600's in both England and America when
  innocent women were tried and often burned or
  otherwise punished for witchcraft. By the very
  nature of the charge it was impossible for the
  accused to defend herself, just as it was for the
  Jews. And like the Jews witches served as
  scapegoats for the ills of society that couldn't
  be explained. Such trials reached their peak in
  America at Salem, Massachusetts.

62
1617

• Have you already sensed out the tone? Orwell
  here is extremely bitter and ironical. He didn't
  openly criticize the white colonialists who paid
  no attention to the people who suffer from
  poverty and misery. Instead, he pretends that
  they have a sound reason to ignore such people.
  The people simply cannot be seen because they are
  of the color of the earth.

63
In a hot country

• You dont even see the labore ploughing the
  field.
• South of Gibralter --- all countries or ear in
  North Africa
• East of Suez --- the middle-east Asian countries

64
It is only because of this

• This here stands for the fact that people
  always miss the peasants laboring in the fields
  because they have the color of the earth. It is
  only because of this reason that these poor
  starved countries are accepted as tourist resorts.

65
What does Morocco mean ...

• Morocco being a French colony, to many Frenchmen
  Morocco has no more meaning than a place where
  they might find a government job, buy an orange
  grove with their money or invest his money. To an
  Englishman Morocco means nothing but a romantic,
  mysterious country which he has read in the
  novels. Camels, castles are the romantic bits in
  his mind by the novels.

66
erode ---

• wear away eat into If rock or soil erodes or
  is eroded by the weather, sea or wind, it cracks
  and breaks so that it is gradually destroyed.
• Rain and rivers eroded the soft sand-stones.

67
desolate ---

• barren (of a place) in a ruined and neglected
  state1. If sth is desolate, it is empty of
  people and lacking in comfort.2. If sb. is
  desolate, they feel very sad, lonely and without
  hope. The forest was left desolate by the fire.
  After the war the town was a desolate place.
  She has been desolate since losing her job.

68
desolate ---

• v.-- The land was desolated by floods. We
  were desolated by the death of our good friend.

69
lucerne ---

• 2image-9
• named from the French "Luzerne" (glow worn - from
  its shiny seeds) is more commonly called alfalfa.
  It is widely cultivated and used as forage.

70
fodder --- n.

• rough food for cattle or horses, gathered from
  the fields and stored
• spike --- n. long pointed piece of metal with an
  outward or upward point
• harrow --- n. heavy frame with metal teeth or
  disks for breaking up ground after ploughing

71
This is as much equal to

• The animals yoked to the plough had just enough
  strength to plough the soil to a depth of about
  four inches. They could not make deeper furrows.

72
get at

• to reach
• Marrakech is very dry. Even at a depth of 30 or
  40 feet there is only but a trickle of water.

73
Para 19.

• Miserable life of women

74
I suppose that

• The author gave the old woman a little money. The
  response was a shrill wail for she was greatly
  surprised. The old woman was fully accustomed to
  her miserable existence and to not being taken
  notice of by any one, so she almost considered
  the author to be doing something unnatural by
  giving her the money.

75
She accepted her

• She took it for granted that as an old woman she
  was the lowest in the society, that she was only
  fit for doing heavy work like an animal.

76
St. Bernard dog ---

• 2image-10
• A Saint Bernard dog is a large, strong dog, the
  breed of which comes from Switzerland. These dogs
  are often used as a patrol dogs in the mountains.
  The name comes from the monks of the Saint
  Bernard monastery who made use of the breed.

77
fifteen-hands mule

• A mule about 60 inches or 5 feet high

78
infuriate --- v.

• fill with fury or rage outrage aggravate
  enrage provoke

79
Comparison

• Donkey and Woman
• Both are overloaded.
• Both are willing creatures.
• Both are small.
• Both are ill-treated.
• Both have an miserable end.

80
Comparison

• Donkey and Woman
• Visible
• Invisible
• Implication --- Women are worse treated.

81
Para. 22. As the storks

• The passive plodding ,earth-bound blacks are
  contrasted with the glittering white birds so
  great, pure and lofty who sail above them in the
  sky. While the former are weighed down by heavy
  packs, are sweating and uncomfortably hot, the
  latter are to soar unfettered in the cool sky
  above

82
Contrast

• Stork -- north
• Negro south

83
clump and clatter

• onomatopoeia words describing the sound of boots
  and iron wheels as they moved over the road.

84
Senegalese

• The black soldiers were from Senegal.
• Senegal Republic of Senegal, a country in
  western Africa, formerly part of French West
  Africa, population 5,085,388, capital Dakar. It
  became independent in 1960.
• 2image-11,12

85
reach-me-down

• British colloquialism
• second-hand or readymade clothing

86
wide-eyed

• With the eyes opened widely, as because of
  surprise, fear, lack of sophistication

87
I saw how it was.

• I understand the reason why.
• This is the result of colonization

88
This wretched boy.

• This miserable black boy is, as a result of the
  colonization of his country, a French citizen.
  Therefore he has been forced to leave his home in
  the forest and come to a garrison town where he
  ahs to do hard labor such as scrubbing floors for
  the whites and where he will catch syphilis.
  However this boy, instead of hating the whites,
  has deep respect for them.

89
In this connection

• in this case.
• While speaking of such things (while speaking of
  the one thought which every white man thinks)

90
It doesnt matter twopence

• It doesnt matter a bit.
• It doesnt matter at all.

91
NCO

• N.C.O. or NonCOs
• Noncommissioned officer an enlisted person of
  any various grades in the armed forces, from
  corporal ?? to sergeant ?? inclusive

92
ranks

• The body of soldiers of an army, as distinguished
  from the officers.

93

• cattles / soldiers --- obedient

94
Symbol

• white bird/ scraps of paper
• --- symbolic of freedom

95
Five examples to illustrate the fact

• 1. the burial of the poor people2. an employee
  of the municipality3. poor living and working
  conditions of the Jews4. poor natural
  conditions5. miserable life of women

96
The cause of their poverty

• 1. Colonialization "All colonial empires are in
  reality founded upon this fact" (para.1 17)
• 2. Racial discrimination "The people have brown
  faces -- besides there are so many of them"
  (para.3 ) "He is the same colour as the earth,
  " (para.16)

97
The cause of their poverty

• 3. Black people's ignorance He showed his
  profound respect to his enemy. " He ... has
  feelings of reverence before a white skin"
  "Only the Negroes didn't know it
• 4. Poor natural conditions

98
Organizational pattern

•  Sect.1 (para 1--2) Ex.1
• objective presentation of Example 1 the
  burial of the people in Marrakech
• Sect.2 (para 3 ) the thesis ---- All colonial
  empires are founded upon this fact
• the author's central idea Colonialization is
  based on the fact that people are very poor.

99
Organizational pattern

• Sect.3 (para4--7) Ex.2 The Arabian government
  employee is as poor as a beggar.
• Sect.4 (para8--15) Ex.3
• 1) the living conditions of the Jews 2) the
  hard work the Jews do 3) biased attitude
  against the Jews

100
Organizational pattern

• The specific example of the people clamouring for
  a cigarette shows that the people are so poor,
  yet people still have rumours about them and have
  great prejudice against them.

101
Organizational pattern

• Sect.5 (para16--18) Ex.4
• The country is very poor. The poverty was not
  noticed by the white people. Because of their
  black color, the white people didn't even see
  them.
• 1gt The soils are poor. " dried-up soil"
  " eroded soil" "
  desolate" "waste" " broken-up
  brick
• 2gt Everything is done by hand. "capital Ls

102
Organizational pattern

• 3gt The farming tools are rough. "The plough
  is so frail, a rough iron spike which stirs the
  soil to a depth of about four inches.
• 4gt The farming animals are weak and the peasants
  calculate carefully.
• 5gt The natural conditions are poor. "dry" They
  had to dig deep ditches.

103
Organizational pattern

• Sect.6 (para19--21) Ex.5 the miserable
  life of women
• The writer is describing objectively the
  physical appearance of the old woman, yet his
  anger comes through. Notice his choice of words.
  ( poor old mummified reduced to bones
  leathery skin bent double crushing weight)

104
Organizational pattern

• Sect.7 (para22--26) conclusiondescription of
  the black troops in general and one black soldier
  individually.
• It won't be long for the white people to keep
  these black people in ignorance.

105
Language

• 1. simple words, simple statements to convey
  deeper meaning
• 2. the use of rhetorical questions which is very
  effective in conveying his anger
• 3. terse, lucid prose style.
• 4. good diction