ISLAND COUNTY

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ISLAND COUNTY

• Communicable Disease

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Communicable Disease Transmission is from a Host
to a Person

• Person to person
• Common vehicle, such as water, blood, or
  contaminated food
• Air, including droplet-spread diseases such as
  measles, tuberculosis, and streptococcal
  diseases
• Vector, such as insect or animal bites

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CDC Emerging Infections Priority Issues, 1999-2000

• Anti-microbial resistance
• Food and water safety
• Vectors and animal health
• Blood safety
• Infections that cause chronic diseases
• Opportunistic infections
• Maternal and child health
• Health of travelers and refugees
• Vaccines

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Infectious Disease Mortality in the United
States, 1980-1996
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CDC Activities

• Four goals
• improve disease surveillance and outbreak
  response
• support research to understand and combat
  emerging infectious disease threats
• prevent infectious diseases by implementing
  disease control programs and communicating public
  health information and
• rebuild the infectious disease control component
  of the public health infrastructure

• In 1994 launched a nationwide effort to
  revitalize national capacity to protect the
  public from infectious diseases

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Infectious Causes of Common Chronic Diseases

• Helicobacter pylori (peptic ulcers)
• Hepatitis B and C (cirrhosis and liver cancer)
• Human herpesvirus (Kaposis sarcoma)
• Human papilloma virus (cervical cancer, recurrent
  respiratory papillomatosis)
• Epstein-Barr virus (B-cell lymphoma)

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• Pathogenic microbes can be resilient, dangerous
  foes. Although it is impossible to predict their
  individual emergence in time place, we can be
  confident that new microbial diseases will emerge
• Institute of Medicine, Emerging Infections
  Microbial Threats to Health, 1992

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Communicable Disease Threats

• New Diseases
• AIDS
• Lyme Disease
• Hantavirus
• pulmonary syndrome

• Drug-Resistant Forms
• Malaria
• Tuberculosis
• Bacterial pneumonia

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Vaccine-Preventable Diseases (Numbers)
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Vaccine-Preventable Disease (Rates)
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Adult Immunizations (Rates)
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U.S. Immunization Comparisons

• In 1998, influenza rates were 64 for adults 65
  years
• In 1998, only 46 of persons 65 years had ever
  received a pneumococcal vaccine
• Pneumonia and influenza deaths together
  constitute the 6th leading cause of death
  (30,000-34,000)

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Barriers to Adult Immunization

• Not knowing immunizations are needed
• Misconceptions about vaccines
• Lack of recommendations from health care providers

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Enteric Diseases

• Disrupt the bodies digestive system, typically
  producing nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, or all
  three symptoms

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Foodborne Illness

• More than 30 million people in the U.S. are
  likely to be particularly susceptible to
  foodborne illness. Very young, elderly
  immunocompromised persons experience the most
  serious foodborne illness.
• HP2010

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Enteric Disease (Numbers)
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Enteric Disease (Rates)
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Sexually Transmitted Disease (Numbers)
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Sexually Transmitted Disease (Rates)
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AIDS/HIV

• It is estimated that Island County has had 52
  cases of persons with AIDS, 19 of whom are
  presumed living
• AIDS seems to be slowing down, in 1994-1997 there
  were approximately 5 new cases a year, in 2000
  there was only 1 new case of AIDS reported
• However, HIV does not seem to be slowing down.
• This is comparable to national and state trends

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Sexually Transmitted Diseases

• In 1998, Whidbey Island had 185 cases of STDs,
  107 reported by Whidbey Naval Hospital
• A number of national studies have concluded that
  sexually transmitted diseases are underreported
• Many STDs asymptomatic and about 86 of STDs
  occur in people age 15-29 years old
• Sexuality education, certain contraceptives,
  counseling, targeting and treatment of high risk
  populations have been show to be effective in
  slowing STDs through more responsible sexual
  behavior and primary prevention

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Other (Numbers)
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Other (Rates)
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Rabies

• 177 animals tested from 1970-2000
• 53 cats, 2 cattle, 25 dogs, 2 other domestic, 60
  bats, 2 skunks, 1 fox, 7 raccoon, 25 other
  rodent/wild animals
• 2 confirmed rabies cases, both in bats
• In the U.S. the number of cases of rabies
  diagnosed in humans has increased significantly
  since 1990, most associated with rabies strains
  in bats

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CD Facts at a Glance

• IC seemed to have higher than average enteric
  disease outbreaks in 2000 (Samonella, Shigella
  Giardiasis)
• Pertussis outbreaks in 1999 2000, measles in
  2001
• Chlamydia is the most frequently reported STD in
  Island County in 2001 we have surpassed our 2000
  total. Both chlamydia and gonorrhea are reported
  to be increasing in Region 10
• Education regarding vaccinations may be an
  effective strategy