Byzantium

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Byzantium

• The Eastern Roman Empire Continues

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Map of Byzantine Empire
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Constantinople

• Capital of Eastern Roman Empire after it split in
  3rd century AD
• Located on __Bosporus_ _Strait_, which linked
  Mediterranean and Black Seas
• Controlled key trading routes linking Europe and
  Asia

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Constantinople
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Advantages of Constantinople

• Closer to _Silk____ _Road_ than Rome (Crossroads
  of trade)
• Had stronger _military__ than Rome
• Easier to defend from outside enemies
• Easily fortified site on a peninsula bordering
  natural harbor
• More prosperous than Rome

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Constantinople

• The city of Constantinople blended _Greek___ ,
  ___Roman_ and __Christian__ cultures.

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Justinian
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Age of Justinian (527-565 AD)

• Byzantiums most important leader
• Tried to restore united Roman Empire
• Prevented German barbarians from moving eastward
• Built _Hagia___ __Sophia_ , which means Holy
  Wisdom (also called Saint Sophia)
• Defeated rebels at _Nika____ Theodoras help

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Age of Justinian

• Used diplomacy to defeat empires enemies
• __Organized all Roman laws into Justinians
  Code___
• Ruled as autocrat (dictator)
• Was regarded as a spiritual as well as political
  authority

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_Hagia_ __Sophia__
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Hagia Sophia
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Theodora
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Role of Theodora

• Wife of Justinian
• __Actress________
• More involved in politics than any other empress

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Byzantine Achievements

• Large well-trained __bureaucracy__
• Efficient army and navy
• Strong trade-based economy with high standard of
  living
• Powerful Church with influence throughout the
  __Balkans____ and ____Russia_____

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Byzantine Achievements

• Preservation of classical (Greco-Roman) learning
  in monasteries
• Magnificent works of art ( _i
  cons_ and ___mosaics__ )

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Features of Byzantine Art

• _Icons_ , ___Mosaics _ , _churches_
• __Religious__ subject matter
• Dark palette (green, gold, brown, dark red or
  orange)
• Stylized faces, large eyes

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Byzantine Art
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Icons

• Powerful religious images
• Thought to connect believer to image in icon
• Painted
• On wood
• Often decorated with gold or silver

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Byzantine Icons
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Icons
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Mosaics
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Mosaics
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Byzantine Philosophy

• Their philosophy was borrowed from the _Greeks__
  and __Romans_.
• _Stoicism__ says that people can gain happiness
  by ignoring their emotions and following their
  reason
• _Epicureanism_ says that the goal of life is
  pleasure pleasure comes from living simply

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What caused the eastern and western churches to
split apart into the Roman Catholic Church and
the Greek Orthodox Church?
Authority of the pope
Language Greek v. Latin
Marriage of priests
Use of icons
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Divisions between Roman Catholicism and Orthodox
Christianity

• Roman Catholic
• Latin
• Pope
• _Rome_______
• Celibate Priests
• They like icons

• Orthodox
• __Greek_____
• Patriarch
• Constantinople
• _Married_ Priests
• Didnt like icons for a period of time, then
  later became known for them.

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Conflicts in the Byzantine

• Lost Egypt and Syria to _Arab _ _Invaders_
• Seljuk Turks conquered most of __Asia___
  ___Minor_______
• Western Europeans attacked Constantinople during
  __Fourth (4th)___ __Crusade__ in 1204

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The Rise of Russia

• Rus people of Kiev developed strong ties to
  Byzantine Empire
• Kievan culture was a blend of _Viking__ and
  _Slavic_ traditions

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Slavic and Viking Influences

• In 800s AD, Slavs settled most of _Eastern__
  __Europe____
• Vikings from ___Scandinavia_____ swept into
  Eastern Europe at the save time and became
  important trading partners

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Slavic Costume
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Christianity in Russia

• Slavic people were converted to Christianity by
  _Cyril_ and _Methodious_
• St. Cyril, a monk, adapted the _Greek_ alphabet
  to create a written Slavic language known as
  Cyrillic

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Cyrillic
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Religion in Russia

• Cyrillic, written Slavic language, is still used
  in Russia, _Bulgaria_____ , and parts of Eastern
  Europe
• Conversion of Slavs and Russians to Christianity
  brought contact with Byzantine culture

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St. Basils Cathedral
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Onion Domes
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Mongol Invasion of Russia

• Mongols, a central Asian people, ruled Russia
  from _1240__ to _1460__
• Russians had to pay tribute to Mongols and
  acknowledged their leadership
• Mongols tolerated _Orthodox___ religion.

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Rise of the Czars/Tsars

• _Ivan_ the Great, the first czar
• Married a Byzantine princess
• Conquered much of __Russia___
• Limited noblemens power
• Took title of czar ( _caesar_ )

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Rise of the Czars

• Ivan the _Terrible____
• Violent, mentally ill ruler
• Had total power over Russia
• Organized a secret police ( _oprichniki_ )

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Eastern Europe

• Jewish Settlements
• Jews fled to Poland to escape persecution in
  Western Europe
• In the 1300s, Polish kings extended religious
  toleration to Jews

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Poland

• Adopted _Catholicism__ in 900s
• First polish king crowned in 1000s
• Constant war w/Germans, _Russians_ , or Mongols
• Nobles powerful because of free veto
• Poland disappeared from map of Europe in 1700s

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Map of Poland
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Hungary

• Settled by _Magyars_ in 900s
• Quickly adopted __Roman__ __Catholicism_
• __Stephen__ ___I___ was Hungarys first
  Christian king
• By Golden Bull of _1222_ , power of Hungarian
  monarchs was seriously limited

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Map of Hungary
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Serbia

• Settled by South Slavs in 600s
• First king was _Stefan__ _Dusan_
• Successfully fought off Byzantines
• Conquered by Muslim Ottoman Turks at Battle of
  Kosovo in 1389

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