Addendum to Yesterday From 1'13

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Addendum to YesterdayFrom 1.1-3
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Producers and Consumers

• Producers and Consumers
• Consumers 2 Types
• Prey -------------Primary Consumers
• Predators -------Secondary Consumers

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The Food Web
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Biology as a Science 2.1
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Science Plant Demo

• What have you learned about plants in other
  classes?
• What can you tell me about this plant?
  (Observation)
• What wouldnt you know?
• How many times should we water it?
• How much shade does it like?
• What kind of fertilizer is best?
• Dont know? How would you find out?

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Using Science to Solve Problems

• There are two basic types of science, pure
  science and applied science.
• Pure Science Seeks to answer questions about
  how the natural world works.
• Some examples are Biology and Physics.
• Answers who, what where, and why?

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Using Science to Solve Problems

• Applied Science uses the information provided
  by pure science to solve problems.
• Medicine and Engineering are examples of these.
• An engineer might use chemistry and physics to
  design a car that runs better

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What is Science?

• Science is both something you know and do.
• In order to find answers to questions, scientists
  use the Scientific Method which is made up of 6
  steps
• Observation
• Hypothesizing and Predicting
• Experimenting
• Organizing and Interpreting Data
• Sharing Information and Using Graphs
• Communicating Results

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Observing

• All science begins with observation.
• Information gained from observing must be
  carefully recorded so that it can be shared with
  others.

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Hypothesizing and Predicting

• Although observations give us answers to some
  questions, they can also lead to more questions.
• A Hypothesis is a testable explanation for an
  observation.
• Consider the plant

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Experimenting

• In an experiment, a hypothesis is tested under
  controlled conditions
• There are two ingredients for to a good
  experiment A single variable and a control.
• (what does that mean??).
• A Control is a constant factor used in an
  experiment to test a hypothesis.
• A Variable is the changed or changing factor in
  the experiment.

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Organizing and Interpreting Data

• One of the most important parts of doing science
  is sharing what has been learned with others.
• Scientists can use mathematics to determine
  whether their observations or experimental
  results are meaningful or just the result of
  chance or coincidence.
• Statistics are used to determine if the
  difference between results are significant.

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Using Graphs
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Communicating Results

• A scientific article must include
• The question to be answered
• Why the question is important or relevant.
• Background information.
• A precise description of how the work was done.
• The data collected.
• Scientists evaluation of what the data mean.

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2.2 Tools of the Trade - Microscopes

• Microscopes magnify objects that can not be seen
  by the naked eye.
• There are 3 types of microscopes
• The Light Microscope (well use)
• Electron Microscopes
• The Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)
• The Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)

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Resolving Power

• The ability of a microscope to distinguish two
  objects as being separate is known as its
  resolving power.

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A Light Microscope

• Uses glass lenses that focus light passing
  through an object.
• Can magnify up to 2000 times
• Has a resolving power of about 500nm.
• Anything closer together than 500nm will seem
  like one object.

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Electron Microscopes

• Can magnify to hundreds of thousands of times.
• Have a resolving power as great as 0.2nm.
• They produce much greater detail than light
  microscopes.
• They utilize a beam of electrons rather than
  light rays, to illuminate an object.
• There are two types

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The Transmission Electron Scope (TEM)

• Living specimens can not be viewed.
• Electrons are focused by magnets instead of glass
  lenses.
• Images generated can be photographed and viewed
  on a screen.

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The Scanning Electron Scope (SEM)

• Has a lower magnification but produces 3
  dimensional images.
• The beam of electrons sweeps across the object or
  bounces off. It does not pass through the object
  like the other two.

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The International System of Measurement (SI)

• To prevent errors, scientists worldwide use a
  universal language of measurement and its
  symbols SI.
• Its a modern form of the metric system now used
  in most countries.
• Multiples of 10 are expressed as prefixes.

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Measuring Length

• The unit of length is the meter.
• Its slightly longer than a yard.

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Measuring Mass, Volume, and Time

• The same prefixes are used for these as well.
• Mass is measured in grams (g).
• Liquid is measured in Liters (L).
• Time is measured in seconds (s).

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Area and Volume

• Area length X width
• Volume length X width X height
• !! Always remember to change the numbers to the
  same prefixes before doing math.
• E.g. if a square has a length of 10m and a width
  of 30cm, be sure to convert the cm to m before
  multiplying.