Chronology: Founding of the American Colonies

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Chronology Founding of the American Colonies
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Founding of American Colonies

• 1607 Virginia
• 1620 Plymouth
• 1623 NH
• 1626 New Netherlands (NJ)
• 1664-1685 NY
• 1639 Mass. Bay Colony
• 1643 Maryland

• London Company
• Wm. Bradford Pilgrims
• Puritans
• Dutch West India Co.
• John Winthrop Puritans
• George Calvert

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Founding of American Colonies

• 1636 Rhode Island
• 1636 Connecticut
• 1638 New Sweden (part of Penn. until 1776
  Delaware)
• 1650 NC
• 1670 SC
• 1682 Pennsylvania
• 1733 Georgia

• Roger Williams
• Thomas Hooker Puritans
• Swedes
• 8 proprietors
• 8 proprietors
• William Penn
• James Oglethorpe

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Puritanism Other Prominent Religious
Philosophies in Early Colonial America
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Puritanism

• Began in England in the 16th century.
• King Henry VII formed the Church of England in
  1534.
• controlled by Englishmen
• free of the pope and Roman Catholicism
• Henry sought to create religious independence
• religious unity

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Puritanism

• There were some radical reformers whose disputes
  marked the Reformation.
• Puritans Pilgrims who settled in New England
  were extreme reformers.
• They believed that the English church break away
  from Rome had not gone far enough.
• They wanted to purify the English church even
  more.

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Puritanism

• Influenced by
• John Calvin and his concept of predestination
• Martin Luther and his attacks on the hierarchic
  structure and power of Roman Catholicism.
• They believed that the Bible was revealed by God
  therefore, the Word of God, not kings, popes or
  bishops, should rule the lives of people.

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Puritanism

• Hoped to restore the worship to pure and
  unspotted
• Hoped to recover what William Bradford described
  as Christianity in its primitive order,
  libertie, and bewtie.
• Zeal to purify their religion caused them to
  reject Queen Elizabeths religious settlements of
  1560.

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Puritanism

• They were opposed not only to the doctrines and
  practices, but also to the organization.
• English churches were controlled by
• English monarchs
• Hierarchy of bishops and archbishops (episcopacy)
• They felt that the organization robbed people of
  their right to practice true religion.

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Puritans opposed

• the pageantry of the church of England
• the rituals that remained similar to those of
  Roman Catholicism
• the required forms of prayer
• the choir bells and the organ music
• the robes
• the veneration of images and relics
• decorated vestments
• the stained glass windows

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Calvinism

• The Puritans adhered to Calvinism, a doctrine
  originated by John Calvin in 1536
• Made popular in Institutes of the Christian
  Religion

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Puritan Religious Beliefs/Calvinism

• Covenant Theology
• Covenant of Works
• Covenant God made with Adam
• In return for Adams good works and obedience
  Eternal Paradise
• Once Adam broke the covenant of works, all his
  descendants were to live in a world of labor and
  misery and then die and suffer damnation in Hell.
• Original Sin
• Men inherit a fallen nature from Adam but also
  incur the legal penalty for his failure as their
  agent.

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Puritan Religious Beliefs/Calvinism

• Covenant Theology
• Covenant of Grace
• After Adam broke the Covenant of Works, God made
  a new covenant with Abraham.
• In this agreement, a special few are saved and
  allowed to go to Heaven. These special few were
  the Puritans.
• Certainty of this covenant lead to the great
  unity of the Puritans and Separatists.

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Puritan Religious Beliefs/Calvinism

• Covenant Theology
• Covenant of Grace
• Not only is man in relation with God as
• Creator/creature
• Lord/subject
• Father/children
• But also in agreement or contract
• between two partners in a business enterprise

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Puritan Religious Beliefs/Calvinism

• Predestination
• Individuals are either saved (saints or elect) or
  damned.
• Neither faith nor good works insure salvation.
• All features of salvation are determined by Gods
  sovereignty, including who will be saved and
  those who will receive Gods irresistible grace.
  

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Puritan Religious Beliefs/Calvinism

• Only those who were saved could be admitted to
  full church membership and receive Holy
  Communion.
• Those who were saved would confess to the
  congregation their mystical experience through
  which God informed them of their salvation.

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Calvinism

• Calvinism
• Total depravity
• (Original Sin)
• Unconditional election
• (Predestination)
• Limited atonement
• Irresistible grace
• Perseverance of the saints

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Puritanism

• Puritans were Biblical scholars fully aware of
  Biblical typology.
• Puritans believed they were a chosen people as
  were the Israelites.
• Like the OT Jews, they were sure they worshipped
  the one true God.
• They had both fled from oppression and had
  suffered from their religious beliefs.
• The migration to the New World was seen and
  compared to Moses leading the Israelites from
  slavery into Egypt.

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Puritanism

• The Geneva Bible
• Written by English scholars who lived in Geneva,
  Switzerland, the center of protestant learning
  and theology in Europe.
• Published in 1560
• Most widely read
• Less ornate style than the King James version of
  1611.
• Came to America with the Pilgrims in 1620

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Puritanism

• The Bible was Gods direct communication to
  humans, should be read daily and its guidance
  followed by individuals.
• religion, civil govt., business and commerce
• rules for courtship, marriage, and warfare
• how to dress and table etiquette

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Contributions of Puritanism

• The key contribution was faith a faith so strong
  it withstood all types of persecution.
• laid the groundwork for the establishment of
  independence and freedom
• also contributed to the concept of preaching
• Preaching is a tradition whose force is
  undeniable in America today.

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Puritanism

• Sermons were the foundation of two artistic
  achievements.
• Sermons were the most popular literary form of
  the time.
• The written expression of the sermon became New
  Englands greatest contribution to American
  literature.
• The dominating interest in sermons is also
  visible in the design of the New England
  churches, known as meetinghouses.

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Puritanism

• Devout Puritans believed that a sermon was
• the chariot on which salvation came riding into
  the hearts of men.

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Puritanism

• Wrote in what is called plain style
• Against ornateness
• Straightforward, unadorned style is also
  reflected in other arts, furniture, architecture,
  dress, etc.
• Frivolity and excess were detested
• Reflected the character and scope of the reading
  public
• Literate and well-grounded in religion
• Only literary forms found in the Bible were
  acceptable
• All forms of fiction were despised

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Puritanism

• Function of Puritan Writers
• To transform a mysterious God
• To make God more relevant to the universe
• To glorify God

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Puritanism

• The individual Puritan wrote a lot.
• A diary was regarded as a tool helpful for
  self-examination.
• Emphasized education.
• Was a literate culture which regarded illiteracy
  as a kind of sin.

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Puritanism

• Contrary to popular belief, the early Puritans
  were not generally long-faced reformers.
• They were intelligent, self-controlled,
  plainly-dressed citizens who advocated simplicity
  and democracy.
• Only after they were harassed by rulers in
  England did they develop more extremely rigid
  views of behavior.

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Position of Women

• The Pilgrims and Puritans emphasis upon the
  sinfulness of all humankind and upon spiritual
  election being totally in the hands of a
  sovereign God made women spiritually equal to
  men.
• Although women did not share the pulpit, they
  were felt to have a right to express themselves
  on religious matters and they did so.

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Forces Undermining Puritanism

• A persons natural desire to do good
• Works against predestination
• Dislike of a closed life
• Resentment of the power of a few over many
• Change in economic conditions
• Presence of leaders of dissent
• Anne Hutchinson
• Roger Williams

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Antinomianism

• Free grace
• idea of inner light which allowed a direct
  access to God for anyone who believed
• Threatened the foundation of the Puritans social
  order
• Anne Hutchinson was excommunicated
• called upon them to live by grace alone
• Quakers

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Antinomianism

• Doctrine of the Covenant
• Activity is the essence of a Christian life,
  deeds are the beginning of faith
• Congregational church formed from this ideology.
• The mutual consent involved in a covenant is the
  cement which solders together all societies,
  political or ecclesiastical (Hooker)
• Holy Confederacy to serve God in family, Church
  and Commonwealth. (John Cotton)

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Congregational church

• The saints come together to formally agree to
  carry out in ecclesiastical life the obligations
  to which they stand individually bound by their
  covenant w/God.
• The duties and requirements are same as those
  determined in the covenant of Grace.
• The church compact is the agreement of the people
  in a body to constitute an institution which will
  facilitate the achievement of these ends.
• The church makes possible the machinery of the
  means (sermons and sacraments)
• God would generally dispense grace through the
  ordinances of the church. Consequently, the
  children of the saints should be baptized as a
  means toward their conversion, and should be
  taken into the church covenant.
• Thus, the sign of true faith is not only a desire
  on the part of the regenerate individual to
  fulfill the moral law, but it is also a
  determination to join in the setting up of the
  one and only polity which Christ has outlined in
  Scripture (the church). For this reason NE was
  settled.

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Deism

• Man is by nature good.
• Society has corrupted him.
• There is a supreme power which is benevolent
• A sovereign power must be worshipped.
• The good disposition of man constitutes the
  principal part of his worship to that power.
• All crimes/vices must be punished by that power
• There are rewards punishments after death.
• God is the great clock-winder of the universe.
• He sets the world in motion, then stepped back
  and will not interfere in the affairs of man.

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Humanism

• Mans best service to God is to serve man.
• Believed that the importance of this present life
  is sharply contrasted with the Puritans and
  Calvinists view that man must struggle
  continually to live a good life in order to be
  happy in the next life.

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Humanism

• Ben Franklin
• Practiced humanism
• Believed that church attendance was hypocritical
  and detrimental to the spiritual growth of man.
• His debt to God was paid through his advice given
  to his fellow man in an effort to better society.

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The Pilgrims

• Cultural Identity/Communal Identity
• Native Americans
• French
• Spanish
• Virginia colonists
• Morton and his community at Merry Mount
• posed a threat to the communal integrity and
  identity of the group at Plymouth
• All became the others in contrast to how the
  Pilgrims defined themselves.

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• Pilgrims, led by Miles Standish, began the
  assault on Mortons colony,
• Puritans from the Bay Colony, led by John
  Endicott, finally destroyed Merry Mount.

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