DWI Refresher

1

• DWI Refresher
• Joel Maxwell

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Objectives

• At the end of this 4 hour course you will
• Describe the frequency and severity of DWI
  crashes
• Describe the role general deterrence plays in DWI
  enforcement
• Describe the concepts and principles of SFSTs
• Describe the proper way to administer SFSTs
• Properly administer the 3 battery SFSTs

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9/11 vs DWI

• Nearly 3,000 killed
• Over 4,600 Soldiers killed since
• Nearly 17,000 killed each year by Impaired Drivers

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Greene County

• In 1995 there were 269 injury or fatal accidents
  in Greene County that were caused by impaired
  drivers. Over the next several years, this number
  steadily dropped, in most part due to the
  Springfield Police Departments formation of a
  DWI unit. In 2000 the number of accidents caused
  by impaired drivers that resulted in injury or
  death were down to 216, a drop of 19 over the
  course of five years. In 2002, the number of
  accidents caused by impaired drivers that
  resulted in injury or death were down to 161 for
  Greene County, a 26 decrease since Sheriff
  Merritt came into office, and a 40 decrease
  since 1995. For the same period of time, the
  Greene County Sheriffs Department DWI arrests
  were up 2000.

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Fresno Crackdown
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DetectionandGeneral Deterrence
Standardized Field Sobriety Testing
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The DWI Problem

• Prior to 1994, nearly half of the drivers who
  died in crashes had been all drinking.
• In 1998, alcohol was involved in 38.5 percent of
  all fatal crashes.

II-2
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Drivers with BAC 0.10 or Above
(National Statistics)
Weekend Nights 10 or More
II-3
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On Typical Friday and Saturday Nights...
One out of seven drivers leaving bars is DWI!
II-4
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The Average DWI Violator...
Drives While Intoxicated 80 Times Each Year
Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday
Thursday Friday Saturday
1 2 3 4
5 6 7
8 9 10 11
12 13 14
15 16 17 18
19 20 21
22 23 24 25
26 27 28
29 30 31
Once every four or five nights!
II-5
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Alcohol Facts

• Alcohol is involved in approximately 38.4 of
• all fatal crashes, 9 of reported injury
• crashes and 5 of non-injury crashes. (1998)
• These alcohol related crashes, injuries, and
• fatalities cost society at least 46 billion in
• lost productivity, medical costs, property
• damage and other direct expenditures.
• Over 5 billion of these costs are for health
  care. This information is based on most current
  cost data available.

II-6
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General Deterrence
The Fear of Arrest
II-7
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There is No Reason to Fear Arrest
Unless There Really is Some Risk of Arrest
II-8
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Ft. Lauderdale BAC Study
Citations issued to violators later found to
have BACs between 0.10 and 0.20.
II-9
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For every DWI violator arrested...
Three others are contacted face-to-face, but
released without arrest
II-10
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Stockton, California 3-Year Intensive Weekend
DWI Enforcement

• Arrests Increased 500
• Weekend nighttime crashes Decreased 34
• Proportion of nighttime, weekend drivers legally
  under the influence Dropped from 9 to 6

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Alcohol
A family of closely-related chemicals whose
molecules are made up of hydrogen, carbon and
oxygen
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Some Types of Alcohol
Methyl Alcohol (Methanol)
Ethyl Alcohol (Ethanol)
Isopropyl Alcohol (Isopropanol)
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Ethanol
Ethyl Alcohol (Intended for human consumption)
H H
H C C OH
H H
II-14
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Production of Ethanol
Fermentation Yeast combines with sugars from
fruit or grains in a chemical reaction that
results in ETOH Distillation Fermented beverage
is boiled at a controlled temperature to extract
and concentrate the ethanol fumes
II-15
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Standard-Sized Drinks
A Can of Beer 12 ounces of fluid _at_ 4 alcohol
equals 0.48 ounces of pure ethanol A Glass of
Wine 4 ounces of fluid _at_ 12 alcohol equals 0.48
ounces of pure ethanol A Shot of Whiskey
(80-Proof) 1 and 1/4 ounces _at_ 40 alcohol equals
0.50 ounces of pure ethanol
II-16
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Alcohol is the Most Abused Drug in the United
States
Alcohol is a CNS Depressant
II-17
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Absorption of Alcohol
Stomach Walls
Stomach Walls
Getting the ethanol out of the stomach and into
the blood
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Pylorus
Stomach Walls
80
II-18
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Distribution of Alcohol
Getting the ethanol into the bodys tissues and
organs
Basic Principle
Ethanol goes wherever it finds water
II-19
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Which Parts of the Body have Lots of Water?
The Brain The Liver Muscle Tissue
Which Parts Dont?
Bones Fatty Tissue The average male is 68
percent water The average female is only 55
percent water
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Elimination of Alcohol
Getting the ethanol out of the body
Direct Excretion Breath, sweat, tears, urine,
etc. Metabolism Primarily in the liver
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Metabolism in the Liver

• The liver burns the ethanol (i.e., causes a
• chemical reaction of ethanol with oxygen).
• The process is aided by an enzyme called
• alcohol dehydrogenase.
• The ultimate products of the chemical reaction
• are carbon dioxide and water.
• Due to metabolism, the average persons BAC
• drops by about 0.015 per hour.

II-22
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Blood Alcohol Concentration
What does it mean?
BAC is the number of grams of alcohol found
in 100 milliliters of the persons blood
Example If a person has a BAC of .10, then
there is one-tenth of a gram of alcohol in
every 100 milliliters of the persons blood.
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Pre-Arrest Screening
Standardized Field Sobriety Testing
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(No Transcript)
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Pre-Arrest Screening
Psychophysical (Field) Sobriety Testing
Preliminary Breath Testing
?
Should I Arrest?
VII-1
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Psychophysical Tests
Methods of examining mental and/or physical
impairment
VII-2
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Divided Attention
Concentrating on more than one thing at a time
(mental tasks and physical tasks)
VII-3
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Typical Simultaneous Capabilities Required for
Driving

• Information Processing
• Short-term Memory
• Judgment/Decision Making
• Balance
• Quick Reactions
• Clear Vision
• Small-Muscle Control
• Coordination of Limbs

VII-4
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Simplicity
Is it Reasonable to Assume That, If Sober...
Anyone Like The Suspect
You
The Judge
The Suspect
The Jurors
Would Pass the Test?
VII-5
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Walk and Turn
(Divided Attention Test)

• Instructions Stage
• Walking Stage

VII-6
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One Leg Stand
(Divided Attention Test)

• Instructions Stage
• Balance and
• Counting Stage

VII-7
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Nystagmus
Involuntary Jerking of the Eyes
VII-8
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Overview Development and Validation
NHTSA Research Began in 1973 in California With
Three Final Reports Being Published
1. California 1977 (lab study only) 2.
California 1981 (lab/field study) 3. Maryland,
Washington, DC, Virginia, North Carolina 1983
(field study only)
VIII-1
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Original Research Objectives
To evaluate currently used physical
coordination tests to determine their
relationship to intoxication and driving
impairment. To develop more sensitive tests
that would provide more reliable evidence of
impairment. To standardize the tests and
observations.
VIII-1A
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Laboratory Test Data
Results

• HGN by itself was 77 accurate.
• Walk and Turn was 68 accurate.
• One Leg Stand was 65 accurate.
• It would be possible to combine the results of
  HGN
• and Walk and Turn and be 80 accurate.

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Third Phase Field Validation and Standardization
Objectives

• To develop standardized, practical and effective
• procedures for police officers to use in
  reaching
• arrest/no arrest decisions.
• To test the feasibility of the procedures in
• operational conditions.
• To secure data to determine if the tests will
  discrim-
• inate in the field, as well as in the
  laboratory.

VIII-4
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Standardized Elements

• Standardized Administrative Procedures
• Standardized Clues
• Standardized Criteria

VIII-4A
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Volunteers were Subjected to Six Tests
1. One-leg stand 2. Finger to nose 3. Finger
count 4. Walk and turn 5. Tracing (a paper and
pencil exercise) 6. Nystagmus (called alcohol
gaze nystagmus in final report)
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Importance of Large Scale Field Validation Study

• First significant assessment of the workability
• of the standardized tests under actual
• enforcement conditions.
• First time completely objective clues and
  scoring
• criteria had been defined for the tests.
• Results of the study validated the SFSTs.

VIII-4B
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SFST Field Validation Studies
Colorado 1995
San Diego, California 1998
Florida 1997
VIII-5
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Colorado Field Validation Study of SFST

• First full field validation study using SFST
  experienced law enforcement personnel.
• 93 correct arrest decision based on three-test
  battery (HGN, WAT, OLS).

VIII-6
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Florida Field Validation Study of SFST

• 95 correct arrest decision based on three-test
  battery (HGN, WAT, OLS).
• Validated SFSTs at 0.08 BAC and above.

VIII-7
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San Diego Field Validation Study of SFST

• 91 correct arrest decision for 0.08 BAC and
  above using three-test battery (HGN, WAT, OLS).
• HGN is still most reliable of three-test battery
  and supports arrest decisions at 0.08 BAC.

VIII-8
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Horizontal Gaze Nystagmus
Involuntary jerking of the eyes occurring as the
eyes move toward the side.
VIII-9
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Categories of Nystagmus

• Vestibular
• - Rotational
• - Post-rotational
• - Caloric
• - Positional alcohol nystagmus

• Neural
• - Optokinetic
• - Physiological
• - Gaze
• Horizontal
• Vertical
• Resting

• Pathological disorders and diseases

VIII-10
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Administrative Procedures
1. Eyeglasses 2. Verbal instructions 3.
Position object (12-15 inches) (30-38 cm) 4.
Equal tracking 5. Pupil size 6. Check for
lack of smooth pursuit 7. Check for distinct
nystagmus at maximum deviation 8. Check for
onset of nystagmus prior to 45 degrees 9. Total
the clues 10. Check for Vertical Gaze
Nystagmus Check each eye independently beginning
with the suspects left and compare.
VIII-11
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Three Clues of Horizontal Gaze Nystagmus

• Lack of smooth pursuit.
• Distinct nystagmus at maximum deviation.
• Onset of nystagmus prior to 45 degrees.

VIII-12
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Clue Number 1
Lack of smooth pursuit
VIII-13
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Clue Number 2
Distinct nystagmus at maximum deviation
VIII-14
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Clue Number 3
Onset of nystagmus prior to 45 degrees
VIII-15
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Horizontal Gaze Nystagmus Test Criterion
4
4 or more clues indicates BAC above 0.10 (77
accurate)
VIII-17
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Walk and Turn
(Divided Attention Test - Mental Task and
Physical Task)

• Instructions Stage
• Walking Stage

VIII-19
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Administrative Procedures
1. Verbal Instructions - Assume heel-toe
stance - Arms down at sides - Dont start
until told 2. 9 Steps, Turn, 9 Steps 3. Turn
Procedures - Turn around on line -
Several small steps 4. While Walking - Keep
watching feet - Arms down at sides -
Count steps out loud - Dont stop during walk
VIII-20
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Walk and Turn Test Clues
1. Cant balance during instructions 2. Starts
too soon 3. Stops while walking 4. Doesnt touch
heel-to-toe 5. Steps off line 6. Uses arms to
balance 7. Improper turn (or loses balance on
turn) 8. Wrong number of steps
Note If suspect cant do test, record as if all
eight clues were observed.
VIII-21
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Walk and Turn Test Criterion
2
2 or more clues indicates BAC above 0.10 (68
accurate)
VIII-22
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One-Leg Stand
(Divided Attention Test - Mental Task and
Physical Task)

• Instructions Stage
• Balance and Counting Stage

VIII-23
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Administrative Procedures
Instructions Stage - Stand straight, feet
together - Keep arms at sides - Maintain
position until told otherwise
VIII-24
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Administrative Procedures
Balance and Counting Stage - Raise one leg,
either leg - Keep raised leg approximately
six inches (15 cm) off ground, foot point out
- Keep both legs straight - Keep eyes on
elevated foot - Count out loud in the
following manner One thousand and one, one
thousand and two, one thousand and three, until
told to stop
Note Its important for the officer to time the
30 second count for the test.
VIII-24A
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One-Leg Stand Test Clues

• Sways while balancing
• Uses arms to balance
• Hops
• Puts foot down

Note If suspect cant do test, record as if all
four clues were observed.
VIII-25
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One-Leg Stand Test Criterion
2
2 or more clues indicates BAC above 0.10 (65
accurate)
VIII-26
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Summary

• We have
• Described the frequency and severity of DWI
  crashes
• Described the role general deterrence plays in
  DWI enforcement
• Described the concepts and principles of SFSTs
• Described the proper way to administer SFSTs
• Properly administered the 3 battery SFSTs

68

• Joel Maxwell
• 3825 S Campbell 137
• Springfield, Mo 65807
• [phone]
• joel_at_joelmaxwell.com