URGENT NEED FOR PORTABLE WATER IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

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URGENT NEED FOR PORTABLE WATER IN DEVELOPING
COUNTRIES

• PRESENTED BY ADEMOLA OLUGBENGA ONANUGA
• MNSE
• engr_ademola2000_at_yahoo.co.uk

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INTRODUCTION

• Water has existed since the beginning of the
  Earth
• About 75 of the earth surface is water in the
  form of Rivers, Lakes, Lagoons, and sea (Surface
  Water)
• It was later discovered that even the solid mass
  of the earth has water hidden in it (Ground
  Water)
• About 75 of the Human blood is water

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• The Body needs to sustain this in order to keep
  living
• Water quality has a profound influence on Human
  health
• Microbial Quality ( Prevention of Infectious
  water related diseases)
• Chemical Quality( Prevention of Long term
  Effects)

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EFFECT OF TARIFFS AND POLICIES

• The main causes of Health hazards in Developing
  countries is poverty
• OR The inability to pay for portable and hygienic
  water
• Setting water tariffs requires a balance within
  FOUR main objectives
• Revenue Sufficiency
• Economic Efficiency
• Equity
• Poverty Alleviation

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Revenue sufficiency

• The revenue from water users should be sufficient
  to pay the operation and maintenance costs of the
  water utilitys operations, repay loans
  undertaken to replace and expand the capital
  stock, provide a return on capital at risk and
  maintain a cash reserve for unforeseen events.

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ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY

• A tariff should create incentives that ensure,
  for a given water supply cost, that users obtain
  the largest possible aggregate benefits.

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EQUITY

• The water tariff treats similar customers
  equally, and that customers in different
  situations are not treated the same. This would
  usually be interpreted as requiring users to pay
  monthly water bills that are proportionate to the
  costs they impose on the utility by their water
  use.

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POVERTY ALLEVIATION

• Many people feel that water services are a basic
  right and should be provided to people
  regardless of whether or not they can pay for it.

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THE ROLE OF ENGINEERS IN THE PROVISION OF
PORTABLE WATER

• Civil Engineers
• Electrical Engineers
• Mechanical Engineers
• Chemical/Process Engineers
• Environmental Engineers
• Every process requires skills above

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A Typical Water Treatment And Distribution System
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• Design and Construct Equipments for Abstraction
• Aeration This is the process where the water is
  exposed to air at different levels of movements
  like cascades, shower systems etc.
• When selecting technology and systems of
  treatment it is vital that as full a picture as
  possible of the source water quality is
  available. It is important to know what is in the
  water before trying to design appropriate
  treatment systems.

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Water Treatment Plant Assessment Parameters

• When and why they should be carried out
• Routine assessment of operational efficiency and
  state of equipment
• When contamination is found
• When disease outbreaks occur
• If disinfection dosing requirements suddenly
  change

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WATER TREATMENT ASSESSMENT PARAMETERS

• Raw Water
• Turbidity, pH, alkalinity, coliforms, major ions,
  nutrients, known problem substances
• Coagulation-flocculation-settling
• Turbidity, pH, residual aluminum, residual
  acrylamide, coliforms
• Pre-filtration
• Turbidity, pH, coliforms
• Sand filtration (rapid/slow)
• Turbidity, pH, coliforms
• Disinfection
• Residual (usually chlorine), pH, turbidity, coli
  forms (thermo tolerant and total)

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• The engineer is also very important in the
  distribution of the water.
• 50 of contamination is caused by corroded pipes,
  infiltration of external matter into the pipes,
  contaminated storage tanks etc.
• The distribution technique should however be
  precise and thorough.
• The design should take into account the need for
  pipe strength, pipe specification etc.
• Many contaminated waters have been as a result of
  faulty design or lack of maintenance.
• There are many techniques of ensuring adequate
  distribution techniques. Some of such techniques
  are the use of EPANET and Haested simulations

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WHAT IS EPANET

• EPANET is a computer program that performs
  extended period simulation of hydraulic and water
  quality behavior within pressurized pipe
  networks.
• A network consists of pipes, nodes (pipe
  junctions), pumps, valves and storage tanks or
  reservoirs.
• EPANET tracks the flow of water in each pipe, the
  pressure at each node, the height of water in
  each tank, and the concentration of a chemical
  species throughout the network during a
  simulation period comprised of multiple time
  steps.

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EPANET can help assess alternative management
strategies for improving water quality throughout
a system.

• These can include
• Altering source utilization within multiple
  source systems,
• Altering pumping and tank filling/emptying
  schedules,
• Use of satellite treatment, such as
  re-chlorination at storage tanks,
• Targeted pipe cleaning and replacement.

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Hydraulic Modelling Capabilities

• Places no limit on the size of the network that
  can be analyzed
• Computes friction head loss using the
  Hazen-Williams, Darcy- Weisbach, or Chezy-Manning
  formulas
• Includes minor head losses for bends, fittings,
  etc.
• Models constant or variable speed pumps
• Computes pumping energy and cost

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Water Quality Modelling Capabilities

• Models the movement of a non-reactive tracer
  material through the network over time
• Models the movement and fate of a reactive
  material as it grows(e.g., a disinfection
  by-product) or decays (e.g., chlorine residual)
  with time
• Models the age of water throughout a network
• Models reactions both in the bulk flow and at the
  pipe wall
• Models storage tanks as being complete mix, plug
  flow, or two-compartment reactors.

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CAPACITY BUILDING

• Approximately 1.1 billion people lack consistent
  access to clean drinking water,
• 2.6 billion people suffer from inadequate
  sanitation.
• As a result, diarrhea diseases associated with
  tainted water and inadequate sanitation kill 1.8
  million people annually, mostly children.

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• In Asia alone, more than 650 million people did
  not have access to safe drinking water in 2002.
• There is a need to start teaching our children
  from the Primary School level to the Secondary
  Level about the water industry.
• Let the youths develop interest in professions
  that functions in the water management sector of
  the economy.
• Let the Universities Develop the Water
  Engineering departments and equip them.

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• Let professionals from the Developing Countries
  go to the developed nations and learn from them
• Let the Governments of the Developing Countries
  spend more money on Education and Research.

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THE EFFECTS ON CHILDREN

• Over a billion people in the world do not have
  it.
• Two million people dying from water-related
  diseases every year.
• Many women and children spend hours each day
  walking miles to collect water.
• This water is usually dirty unsafe but they have
  no alternative.
• Carrying heavy water containers is an exhausting
  task, which takes up valuable time and energy.
• Stops children from going to school.

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• Girls as young as ten may take the main
  responsibility for drawing and carrying the
  familys water.
• Where there is no clean water source available,
  they have to collect water from contaminated
  sources such as muddy pools, which harbor harmful
  bacteria.

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• Where there is nowhere safe to go to the toilet,
  people have to defecate in the open. Childrens
  faeces left lying around pose a severe health
  risk, particularly when they are close to the
  house where small children play. The health risks
  are increased where children do not understand
  the importance of good hygiene and have not been
  taught to wash their hands after defecation and
  before eating.

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• 5000 Children die everyday from diarhea
• Living without water and sanitation traps whole
  communities in poverty, resulting in children
  having to start work at an early age and
  receiving few opportunities in life.

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LETS PUT OUR SKILLS TO WORK AND SAVE OUR CHILDREN
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Projected Water Demand Up to Year 2015 A.D.

• Case Study Lagos State
• The smallest state in Land mass
• 5 Population growth rate per annum
• Population is a Challenge to water supply system

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CHALLENGES FACING EFFECTIVE PRODUCTION AND
DISTRIBUTION OF PORTABLE WATER IN Lagos State

• Regular Water Pumps breakdowns
• Lack of motivation for the staff
• Lack of water production and treatment materials
• Lack of chemicals (water treatment chemicals,
  which are presently being purchased in piecemeal
  from the open market.)
• Lack of spare parts which inherently increases
  the downtime of machines. They presently carry
  out reactive maintenance on most of their
  equipment
• Lack of well equipped laboratories for the
  several water works

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• In concluding this paper, it is no gain saying to
  say that water is so available but yet so scarce.
  The hospitals are filled with men, women and
  children who are sick with water borne diseases.
• Some years ago, there was an out break of cholera
  in the city of Ajegunle in Lagos State. Several
  people including children died of cholera and
  several were hospitalized ready to give up

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• As Engineers we have a key role to play, in the
  provision of portable water in Developing
  Countries like Nigeria. Engineers are needed to
  design, construct, and maintain these life saving
  facilities and equipments so that portable water
  can be made available to the people of the
  Developing Countries.

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• NSE

THANK YOU