Sustainable Transport

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Sustainable Transport Mobility Handbook

• Teacher Training

The sole responsibility for the content of this
presentation lies with the authors. It does not
necessarily reflect the opinion of the European
Communities. The European Commission is not
responsible for any use that may be made of the
information contained therein.
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Transport

• Accounts for around a third of all final energy
  consumption
• Responsible for over a fifth of greenhouse gas
  emissions
• Transport volumes are growing annually

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Ways of Transportation

• Land
• Consumes on average 85 of the total energy used
  by transport
• Sea
• about 7 of energy for transportation is used for
  maritime transport
• Air
• Aviation uses about 8 of the energy needed for
  transport issues

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Energy Demand by Modes of Transport
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Impacts of Transport
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European Greenhouse Gas Emissions
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The Greenhouse Effect

• The greenhouse effect is the rise in temperature
  that the Earth experiences because certain gases
  in the atmosphere (water vapour, carbon dioxide
  (CO2), nitrous oxide, and methane, for example)
  trap energy from the sun by absorbing infrared
  radiation. Without these gases, heat would escape
  back into space and Earths average temperature
  would be about 30C colder. Because of how they
  warm our world, these gases are referred to as
  greenhouse gases.

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Road Safety
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Particulates in the Air (PM10)

• Transport not only produces gaseous pollutants
  but also small particles that can cause various
  diseases. These particles are mostly produced in
  the residential sector and by transport
  (especially from diesel engines).

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Particulates in the Air (PM10)

• Dusts with a particle size lower than 10
  micrometers are considered as fine particles or
  particulate matter (PM10). Particles with
  diameters below 10 micrometer are considered as
  respirable, particulate matter smaller than 2,5
  micrometer can penetrate into the gas exchange
  regions of the respiratory tract and also affect
  other organs besides the lung itself.

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PM10 Emissions in Europe
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Energy Efficiency in Transport - Approaches

• Alternative Fuels
• Alternative Vehicles (designs, engines, etc.)
• Transport management systems
• Sustainable driving

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Fuels

• Traditionally, the word fuel denoted any
  substance, or mix of substances, that after a
  burning chemical reaction, produces a large
  amount of heat.
• Alternative fuels are any substances or sources
  of energy other than conventional fuels (gasoline
  and diesel), that can be used for transport. They
  are also called nonconventional fuels.

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Oil based fuels

• Gasoline- a volatile flammable liquid hydrocarbon
  mixture used as a fuel especially for internal
  combustion engines and usually blended from
  several products of natural gas and petroleum.
• Diesel - produced from petroleum and is a
  hydrocarbon mixture, obtained in the fractional
  distillation of crude oil between 200 C and 350
  C at atmospheric pressure.

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Gasoline Composition

• The octane number (ON) is the main criterion for
  determining the antiknock quality of gasoline. It
  is determined through the comparison of gasoline
  with standard compounds, with a known octane
  number.

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Alternative Fuels
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Fuels from Natural Gas

• Compressed Natural Gas (CNG)
• Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG)

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Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG)

• Liquefied petroleum gas or LPG is a colourless
  hydrocarbon gaseous mixture, mainly containing
  propane and butane (i.e. 60 propane and 40
  butane or even 100 propane, or 100 butane).

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Hydrogen Fuel Cell

• The Hydrogen fuel cell uses Hydrogen as fuel and
  Oxygen as oxidant.

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Biofuels

• A bio fuel is a gaseous, liquid, or solid
  substance of biological origin that is used as a
  fuel.

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Bioethanol in EU
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Human Power!
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Example - Hybrid car

• Mixture of an electrical and conventional drive
  train
• Designed to obtain different objectives like
  improved fuel economy, increased power, etc.

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How does it work?

• The car transforms energy from braking into
  electric energy
• Energy is stored in batteries
• Batteries do not need external power supply or
  recharging
• Electric motor assists the engine in
  accelerating, passing or hill climbing
• Engine is shut off automatically when the car
  stops and so prevents waste of energy from idling

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Example - Hybrid car
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Battery Powered Transport

• Electric vehicle batteries (EVBs) are
  rechargeable batteries used in all-electric
  vehicles (EVs) or in plug-in Hybrid-Electric
  Vehicles (PHEVs). The amount of electrical energy
  stored in any battery is measured in ampere
  hours, while energy is usually measured in watt
  hours.

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Battery Charging

• Batteries in electric cars must be periodically
  recharged. The most common way of charging these
  batteries is to use the electricity grid (at home
  or in on-road recharging points), that delivers
  power generated from a variety of energy
  resources (including coal, nuclear, etc.).

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Transport Modes- Space Occupancy
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Example Sustainable driving

• Requires a general change of behaviour
• Can easily be carried out by everyone
• Can improve mileage by 15-20
• Reduces Greenhouse Gas emissions

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Ecodriving Driving Tips

• Accelerate and brake smoothly
• Slow down and watch your speed
• Let aggressive drivers pass by
• Plan your trips
• Coast down hills and slight grades
• Etc.

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Questions?

• Any questions?

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Other Renewable Sources

• Solar Energy
• Solar energy is considered to be a renewable
  energy as it is available as long the Sun exists,
  i.e. as long as life on Earth exists. Sunlight
  can be converted into thermal energy
  (solar-thermal modules) or into electrical energy
  (photovoltaic modules).
• Wind Power
• Winds kinetic energy can be converted into
  mechanical or electrical energy, by using wind
  turbines.

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Alternative Fuels

• Alcohols , compressed natural gas (CNG),
  electricity (stored in batteries or fuel cells),
  hydrogen, liquefied natural gas (LNG, and
  liquefied petroleum gas LPG or propane) as
  alternative fuels.
• Other alternative fuels include biodiesel, wood,
  vegetable oil, biomass, and peanut oil.