Title: Research Paper Requirements
1Research Paper Requirements Quotation and
Citation
- Basics and Error Correction
- 2006
- Ref. http//www.eng.fju.edu.tw/research/documentat
ion.html
2Outline
- Requirements
- Quotation Purposes and Kinds
- establish credibility
- Kinds Separated Integrated
- Avoid wordiness
- Altering the original text.
- Work(s) Cited
- Citing Electronic Sources
- Citing Chinese Sources
- Others
3Requirements
- The final paper will be at least 7 typed pages .
- MLA format (e.g. "Works Cited" and internal
citation) will be followed. - Plagiarism will be penalized with a grade of zero
on the final paper. - The thesis statement of your paper must be in
your introduction, and it should be clearly
supported in the body of your paper. - There is a minimum of six sources
- at least one print medium
- at least one non-print medium
4Quotation
- Purposes avoid plagiarism, increase credibility
by giving evidence or support, for close
analysis. - Kinds paraphrase and direct quote (further
divided into separated and integrated) - Things to Consider avoiding wordiness and
over-quoting, punctuation transition, using
ellipses and brackets () for alterations of
sources.
5Quotation (1) establish critical context and
increase credibility
- Structure
- Introduction raises your question and present
your thesis statement - Body
- related background and critical context
- Your response to existing criticismwhich is your
argument.
6Quotation increase credibility and establish
critical context e.g.
- Structure
- Introduction Is cosplay an eccentric game or a
form of youth culture and art. - Body
- Context
- Cosplay in Taiwan since 1997
- The studies of Cosplay see next page.
- Your response to existing criticismwhich is your
argument.
7Quotation increase credibility and establish
critical context e.g.2
- Cosplay has been the subculture of subcultures
(Li qtd in Shu-bau). As subculture, it is
inevitable that most people tend to see cosplay
as either weird or fancy. However, recently,
both cosplay and doujinshi (???) have been more
and more the focus of public attention. The
recent publication of Cosplay the Secret Garden
of Doujinshi, for instance, interviews cosplayers
and discusses its forms of art from four
photographers perspectives. However, as
subculture, there is still a danger of its being
co-opted as commercial or misunderstood as a mere
waste of time and money.
8Work Cited
- Shu-bau ??. Ban-zhuang ian-jiou de fa-zhang.
The Development of
Cosplay Studies. June 23 2005.
2005880055211069.html. April 24, 2006. - ?????. COSPLAY????????? ???????2005. ?
Romanization practice.
9Quotation (2) Kinds separated and integrated
- First of all, I am going to define what
meditation is. Meditation is the act in which
people stop their minds from being disturbed by
the noisy environment.effects With the complete
relaxation of both body and mind, meditators
reach the state of clearness of mind. effects
There are many different religions that practiced
meditation, and thus various postures. The most
common one is to sit cross-legged with hands
naturally on the legs.how
10Quotation (2) Kinds integrated
- Meditation, according to World Wide Meditation
Center, is consciously directing ones
attention to alter ones state of
consciousness in order to reach a state of
mental quietness and clearness. The most common
posture is to sit cross-legged, and then to
follow the meditation words, music or simply
ones own mind to relax the mind and maintain its
equilibrium.
11Quotation (2) Kinds separated
- Elementary school students who do not have
enough exposure to English language are not
supposed to take grammar instruction. The
acquisition of a grammar takes place naturally
and inevitably, providing learners experience
appropriate opportunities for hearing and using
the L2. (22) Moreover, Hughes pointed out that
even a learner never had the opportunity to
receive instruction, he/she could still acquire
some basic grammatical rules for ordering
elements in the English noun phrase (?).
From this perspective, grammar instruction again
should not need to apply to elementary school
students, and as a result, needless to say in the
conversation class.
12Quotation (2) Kinds separatedrev.
- Elementary school students who do not have
enough exposure to English language are not
supposed to take grammar instruction. The
acquisition of a grammar takes place naturally
and inevitably, providing learners appropriate
opportunities for hearing and using the L2.
Moreover, even if a learner never has the
opportunity to receive grammar instruction,
he/she could still acquire some basic grammatical
rules for ordering elements in the English noun
phrase (Hughes 22).. . . In other words, it is
important for children in elementary school
students, and especially in the conversation
class to acquire the language in some lively ways
and enjoy doing it, instead of memorizing
grammatical rules.
13Quotation (3) avoiding mis-quoting
- Multiple Entry Program
- Possible thesis
- Apparently, students here seem to get equal
opportunities to enter college however, students
of different family backgrounds have different
social, financial, and cultural resources, which
get counted more in the application and screening
channels than in the traditional Joint Entrance
Exam. In this paper, I will prove this argument
both on the theoretical level and by examining
the examples available.
14Quotation (2) Multiple Entry Program
- Social Resources
- a. definition inside and outside the family
- b. influences on childrens learning
- c. influences on Multiple Entry
- d. What discriminatory elements can be avoided.
15Quotation (2) Multiple Entry Program --influence
(1)
- If parents are active in participating
school activities or other interpersonal
reactions and communications, then the family has
a better social resource outside the family,
which can contribute to childrens learning
positively. From Chens research, social resource
within the family and outside the family
influences positively both students studies and
academic achievement. She points out in his
research that, generally, parents from higher
social status are more active in participating in
childrens learning, which includes the frequent
interactions between parents and teachers, and
instructions or even help offered to help
children do homework or prepare for exams (qtd.
in Yi-Jing Chen 105). In other words, generally,
parents from higher social status have more
social resources both within the family and
outside the family.
16Quotation (2) Multiple Entry Program --influence
(1)rev.
- The social resources students need in their
education comes mostly from their family. As
Coleman points out, parents can play an active
role inside the family to offer children
guidance in study, and outside the family in
participating in school activities and
interacting with the teachers, both of which can
contribute to childrens learning positively.
Following Coleman, a few researchers in Taiwan
study the influences on elementary school
children of parents care and discipline, their
guidance and their expectation. (examples)
Although not much has been done on the social
resources outside the family, it is generally
proved that children from better family
backgrounds have more social resources to move on
to middle education. (Chen 105-06).
17Quotation (2) Multiple Entry Program --influence
(2)
- What if parents of higher social status have
better relationship with teachers than other
parents? Will it not affect teachers when giving
grades, adding extra points, or assigning class
cadre members? The experience of being class
cadre members may add points to the interviews in
Application and Skimming-Scanning channels.
Moreover, the number of applicants for
Skimming-Scanning channel is limited. What if
there are many qualified applicants who to apply
for the same department in same university? Who
will be chosen among them? It is obvious that
students parents who are school committee
members, or school teachers and so on, will be
chosen at last. Those students have more
advantages than others because of they own social
resources (qtd. in Yi-Jing Chen 110). ?????
18Quotation (2) Multiple Entry Program
influence (2)rev.
- How do students social resources influence them
in their trying the multiple entry program? In
Chens study of high-school entrance exams, she
points out that students with better social
resources can be in an advantageous position
because their good relations with the teachers
may help them in school to get higher grades and
be elected as class cadres. Moreover, in direct
entry and recommendation channels, there are such
subjective elements as choice of recommended
students, the writing of recommendation letter
and the interview, all of which can benefit a
student with better social skills and social
connections than those without. (qtd. in Yi-Jing
Chen 110). ?????
19Quotation methods 1) indent the long quote
- e.g. on Andersons symbols of shoes and feet
- The Red Shoes It is significant to notice
that this symbol of shoes is not a positive
one, for it represents the things those
characters do not have and thus long for. Karen,
the little girl in The Red Shoes, is punished for
coveting the red shoes and wearing them at
inappropriate occasionsher mothers funeral. She
loses her feet, yet she learns a lesson. The
lesson, however, is learned at the expense of her
life. As she sits in the pastors house and
listens to some childrens singing a hymn
20Quotation methods (1) indent the long quote
(2) do not quote without your own interpretation
- The organ played and the childrens voices
in the choir sounded soft and lovely. The bright
warm sunshine streamed through the window into
the pew where Karen sat, and her heart became so
filled with it, so filled with peace and joy,
that it broke. Her soul flew on the sunbeams to
Heaven, and no one was there who asked after the
Red Shoes. (underline added) - In the soft and lovely church music, Karen feels
blessed by the - sunshine, which both fills her heart with peace
and joy and - breaks it. In other words, to go to Heaven,
Karen has to get - her heart broken and the red shoes completely
forgotten. - Forbidden by both the church and Heaven, red
shoes and - dancing in them thus signify womens illicit
desire for self and - bodily assertion.
21Quotation Transition and Avoiding Wordiness
22Use Internal Citation to avoid
wordiness
- Based on the dissertation, A Historical Analysis
of Coffee Consumption in Taiwan written by
Fan-ting, the development of coffee can be
divided into three major periods first is from
1930 to 1960, second is form 1960 to 1980 and the
third is from 1980 to 1990. (41, 82, 122)
23 Errors fixed
- Based on the dissertation written by Fang-ting, A
Historical Analysis of Coffee Consumption in
Taiwan, the development of coffee can be divided
into three major periods the first is from 1930
to 1960, the second is from 1960 to 1980 and the
third is from 1980 to 1990 (41, 82, 122).
24Internal Citation
- The development of coffee in Taiwan can be
divided into three major periods first, from
1930 to 1960, second, from 1960 to 1980, and
third, from 1980 to 1990 (Fan 41, 82, 122).
25Internal Citation Transition Avoiding
wordiness
- Though its future is yet uncertain, I
believe only with creative innovation can Chinese
opera retain its unique beauty. Like what Mei
Lanfang said - ????????????????????????,??????????????????,?
???????????????????????????????????,??????????????
?????,??????????? (qtd. Chang 44)? -
- Chinese opera still has its way out in this
modern society and under the powerful pressure of
western theatrical systems as long as it changes.
26Internal Citation Transition Avoiding
wordiness rev.
- Although its future is yet uncertain, I
believe that only with creative innovation can
Chinese opera retain its unique beauty. Creative
adaptation, as Mei Lanfang pointed out, means
changing those social ideas and aesthetic
concepts contradictory to those of our society,
while retaining the basic format and uniqueness
of this aesthetic tradition. It means both
meeting both modern peoples sense of beauty, and
maintaining the harsh training of traditional
skills (qtd. in Chang 44). This, I believe, is
what Chinese opera must go through in order to
withstand the powerful invasion of western
theatrical and films systems.
27Quotation e.g. altering the original texts.
- First of all, the news is subjective, spoken
by a person, strongly affirmed by Margaret
Morse, a Professor of Film and Video at UC Santa
Cruz. - First of all, the news, as Margaret Morse points
out, is subjective, spoken by a person (?). - Inevitably, news broadcast is subjective, spoken
by a person (Morse ?) integrated quotation.
28Citing Electronic Sources Remember the date
of access
- Walker, Janice Todd Taylor. Basic CGOS
- Style. The Columbia Guide to Online
Style. - Columbia UP, 1998. Oct. 28 2005.
l. - Flannagan, Roy. "Reflections on Milton and
Ariosto. Early Modern Literary Studies 2.3
(1996) 12-45. 16 pars. 22 Feb. 2006
anmilt.html.
29Citing Chinese Sources Dont be afraid of
troubles!
- Tsai, Wen-fang (???). ???????-???????????.
????????. 2000, 32 147-69. - (In Tong-Yong system)
- Cai, Wen-fang ???. Sing-ba-ke ren de dan-sheng
(The Birth of the
Starbuck-ers An Interpretation of the Spaces of
Urban Coffee Consumption). Shih-da di-li
za-jhih bau-gau (????????) 32 (2000) 147-69.
30Practice
- ??? Chen Ju-rueng??????????. Extra Credit,
Extra Pressure to Aboriginal students Chinatimes
Foundation 16Aug. 1999. 5 Oct. 2005.
6_09.htm.
31Practice -- correction
- Chen, Ju-Rong ???. Lien-kao jia-fen jia-zhung
xue-sheng ya-li. Extra Credit,
Extra Pressure to Aboriginal students.
Chinatimes Foundation 16 Aug. 1999. 5 Oct. 2005
816_09.htm.
32Work Cited Anything wrong?
- Flash, Grandmaster. Grand Master Flashs
- Definition of Hip Hop. DaveyDs Hip
Hop - Corner. 19 April 2006.
. - Forman, Murray. The Hood Comes First.
- Middletown Wesleyan University Press,
- 2002. 23-42.
- Forman, Murray. The Hood Comes First.
- Middletown, IL Wesleyan UP, 2002.
33Reference
- Romanization of Chinese Citation
http//www.eng.fju.edu.tw/research/documentation_c
hinese.html