Augusta Ada King, Countess of Lovelace

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Augusta Ada King,Countess of Lovelace
1815-1852
The Analytical Engine weaves algebraic patterns
just as the Jacquard loom weaves flowers and
leaves

• Charles Babbages patron, assistant, and
  chronicler
• Daughter of Lord Byron, the poet
• Wrote sets of instructions for the Analytical
  Engine
• Worlds first computer programmer
• U.S. Department of Defense named itsprogramming
  langauge Ada after her

Jacquard loom
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Herman Hollerith

• Developed a tabulating machine for the U.S.
  census of 1890
• Stacks of punched cards served as a permanent
  memory
• Cut census time from 10years to 6 weeks
• Not programmable
• Started a company to markethis machine which
  merged with others to form the Computing-Tabulatin
  g-Recording Company (eventually known as...
  )

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Herman Hollerith
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John Atanasoff and Clifford Berry

• American physicists at Iowa State College
• Berry was Atanasoffs grad student
• Built ABC machine in late 1930s
• Special-purpose calculator for finding solutions
  to systems of equations
• All-electronic design using vacuum tubes for
  switching elements
• Never completed, due to insufficient funding

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The Atanasoff-Berry Computer (replica)
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Konrad Zuse

• German engineer under the Third Reich
• Built Z1, Z2, Z3, and Z4 in late 1930s and early
  1940s with Helmut Schreyer
• Electromechanical design with relays for
  switching elements
• General-purpose computing device
• Controlled by perforated celluloid strips(like
  punched cards)
• First machine to use binary number system
• Never completed, due to insufficient funding from
  the Nazi government

110010101 100010001101 11110 0001011 001001011 110
1010
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Howard Aiken

• American physicist and applied mathematician
• Built Mark I at Harvard in collaboration
  withGrace Hopper and IBM engineers in 1944
• Inspired by Babbages Analytical Engine
• Electromechanical design with relays for
  switching elements

Rear Admiral Grace Hopper
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Howard Aiken

• Handled 23-digit numbers, logarithms,
  trigonometric functions
• Controlled by punched paper tape
• Fully automatic but slow(3-5 seconds per
  multiplication)
• Remained in use at Harvard until 1959

Rear Admiral Grace Hopper
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The First Bug

• Grace Hopper found the first actual computer bug
  while working on the Mark II in 1945

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Alan Turing

• English mathematician and first true computer
  scientist
• Invented a mathematical model of a computer
  called a Turing Machine
• Proved fundamental theorems about the limitations
  of computers
• Wrote groundbreaking papers in many different
  fields
• Theory of computation (1936)
• Artificial intelligence (1950)
• Self-organizing chemical reactions (1952)

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Alan Turing

• During World War II, he secretly worked for the
  British government to crack German Enigma codes
• Helped develop the British electronic
  code-breaking computer called Colossus
• Enabled Allies to read German military
  transmissions from 1942 on
• Persecuted by British government after the war
  for being homosexual
• Forced to undergo hormone therapy
• Committed suicide in 1954 at the age of 41

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ENIAC

• Electronic Numerical Integrator And Calculator
• Developed by John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert
  at the University of Pennsylvania in1945
• First general-purpose all-electronic digital
  computer
• Filled a 30 x 50 ft. room
• Weighed 30 tons
• Dissipated 150,000 wattsof energy
• Performed calculations forthe atomic bomb
  projectat Los Alamos

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ENIAC

• Used 19,000 vacuum tubes

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ENIAC

• ...which tended to burn out frequently

Hmm...maybe its this one? Nope... How about
this one? Nope...
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ENIAC

• Reprogramming required physically rewiring the
  machine

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ENIAC

• ...which was a tedious and error-prone process

Hold on... I think the blue one and the red one
are supposed to be reversed...
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ENIAC
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ENIAC
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ENIAC
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ENIAC
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John von Neumann

• Hungarian mathematician, computer scientist,
  cyberneticist, all-around genius
• Worked on atomic bomb project in WW II
• Invented game theory and developed theory of
  self-replicating automata
• Originated key concept ofstored-program
  computerin 1945
• Program instructions data
• Easily reprogrammable
• Von Neumann architectureis still the universal
  standard

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EDVAC

• Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer
• Designed by Mauchly, Eckert, and Von Neumann
• Stored-program design
• Used binary instead ofdecimal to
  representinformation
• Version called UNIVAC Iwas the first
  commerciallyavailable computer system
• Sold to the U.S. CensusBureau in 1951

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First Generation Computers

• Mid 1940s to late 1950s
• Stored-program design with 1000 words of RAM
• Used vacuum tubes, but required less space than
  ENIAC
• Punched cards for input and output
• Vacuum tube or magnetic core memoryfor data
  storage
• Programmed directlyin binary machinelanguage
• Included EDVAC andUNIVAC

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First Generation Computers
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Transistors

• Invented at Bell Labs in 1947 byWilliam
  Shockley, John Bardeen,and Walter Brattain
• Generated far less heat thanvacuum tubes
• Required far less power
• Much faster, smaller, cheaper,and more reliable

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Transistors

• Incorporated into Second Generation computers in
  the late 1950s and early 1960s

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Integrated Circuits

• Invented in the late 1950s by Jack Kilby of Texas
  Instruments
• Many transistors etched on a single silicon chip
  as a single electronic circuit
• Faster due to decreased distance between
  transistors Incorporated into Third Generation
  computers in the mid 1960s to early 1970s

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VLSI Technology

• Very Large Scale Integration
• Thousands or millions of transistors per chip
• First microprocessor chip Intel 4004 (1971)
• Designed by Ted Hoff for Japanese calculator
  company
• Followed by Intel 8008 and 4040 (1972) and 8080
  (1974)
• Entire computer packaged as a single integrated
  circuit chip
• Like having an Analytical Engine the size of a
  shirt button

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VLSI Technology

• Incorporated into Fourth Generation computers
  from themid 1970s to the present

VAX minicomputer from Digital Equipment
Corporation (early 1980s)
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MITS Altair 8800 (1975)

• First popular and affordable microcomputer (375)
• Based on Intel 8080 chip
• 256 bytes of RAM (thats bytes, not kilobytes or
  megabytes)
• Programmed by manually flipping switches on front
  panel
• Output in the form of blinking lights
• No softwareavailable
• MITS couldntsell them fastenough!

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MITS Altair 8800 (1975)

• Some assembly required

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MITS Altair 8800 (1975)

• Some assembly required
• Bill Gates and Paul Allenpromised MITS a
  BASICinterpreter for the Altair,leading to the
  creation ofMicrosoft in 1975

Ha, ha, Im richer than you!
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Other Early Developments

• IMSAI 8080 microcomputerwas similar to the
  Altair 8800
• Doug Engelbart invented the mouse at SRI in 1964
• Xerox PARC Alto computer (1974) used mouse,
  graphics, menus, and icons

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Apple Computer, Inc.
Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak
The original Apple I
Apple II (1977)

• color graphics
• BASIC, 4K RAM
• cassette tape data storage
• 1300
• VisiCalc released in 1979

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Apple Computer, Inc.

• Sales went from 2.5 million to 583 million in
  six years
• Fortune 500 by 1982
• Steve Jobs visits Xerox PARC in 1979
• Apple Macintosh introduced in 1984
• First widely available microcomputer with GUI

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The Personal Computing Era is Born
Radio Shack TRS-80 Model I affectionatelyknown
as the Trash 80
Commodore PET (1977)
IBM PC (1981) reverse-engineered by Compaq in
1985
TRS-80 Model II
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The Internet and the World Wide Web

• ARPANET created in 1969 by connecting together 4
  computers at UCSB, UCLA, Utah, and SRI
• World Wide Web conceived at CERN in Switzerland
  in late 1980s by Tim Berners-Lee
• First Web browser written in 1990by Tim
  Berners-Lee using a NeXTcomputer

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The Internet and the World Wide Web

• Marc Andreesen and Eric Bina at the University of
  Illinois develop Mosaic Web browser
• Marc Andreesen and Jim Clark found Netscape
  Communications, Inc. in 1994
• Netscape goes public on August 9, 1995 andis
  worth 3 billion by the end of the day

Marc Andreesen
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The Future . . . ?

• I think there is a world market for maybe five
  computers Thomas J.
  Watson
  Chairman of IBM, 1943
• If automotive technology had progressed as fast
  as computer technology between 1960 and today,
  the car today would have an engine less than a
  tenth of an inch across, would get 120,000 miles
  per gallon, have a top speed of 240,000 miles per
  hour, and would cost 4
  Rick Decker and Stuart Hirshfield
  The Analytical Engine
• Other predictions, anyone?

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For Further Reading
One of the best available historiesof the
personal computer revolution is
Fire in the Valley the Making of the Personal
Computerby Paul Freiberger and Michael Swaine